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Hire Dr. Yongsheng C.

United States

USD 150 /hr

Catalysis & Materials Science Expert | XAS Specialist | Former Professor (CUHK & Penn State) | 68 Publications

Profile Summary

I help companies and research teams solve complex problems in catalysis and materials characterization — from experimental design to data interpretation and publication. I am a former Associate Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Assistant Professor at Pennsylvania State University, with 68 peer-reviewed publications (including 5 in JACS) and a track record of leading high-impact research programs. My work has been recognized with the DARPA Young Faculty Award from the US Department of Defense and the R.A. Glenn Award from the American Chemical Society. I combine deep technical expertise with practical problem-solving, helping clients accelerate R&D, troubleshoot experimental challenges, and generate publishable results. CORE EXPERTISE • Heterogeneous catalysis (SCR, methane reforming, CO₂ conversion, CO oxidation) • Catalyst deactivation mechanism (carbon deposition, sulfur poisoning, CO2 self-poisoning) • Materials processing (controlling the reduction extent of metal oxide catalysts and electroceramics) • Materials characterization methods and analytical techniques (XRD, XPS, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman, FTIR, NMR, GC) • Synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS, or XANES/EXAFS) SELECTED ACHIEVEMENTS • Built an advanced catalyst evaluation system with 100× higher time resolution and 10× higher accuracy than conventional GC methods • Measured carbon deposition kinetics in dry reforming of methane under real reaction conditions • Discovered CO₂ self-poisoning mechanism in CuO-catalyzed CO oxidation • Discovered the formation of metal sulfide was the culprit behind catalyst deactivation in steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons • Elucidated N-doping effect in carbon cathode on the improved sulfur retention in Li-sulfur batteries • Secured 12 competitive beamtime awards and led 20+ synchrotron experiment trips to Argonne National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory • Mentored 4 PhD and 2 MS students to degree completion MY SERVICES 1. Catalysis Research & Technical Consulting • Development of custom catalyst testing systems and lab capabilities • Design and optimization of catalysis experiments • Troubleshooting catalyst testing and performance issues 2. Materials Characterization Strategy • Selection of appropriate characterization techniques • Specialized support in XAS (EXAFS/XANES), from feasibility to execution (e.g., beamtime proposal writing, experimental planning and on-site execution) • Data analysis and interpretation 3. Scientific Writing & Publication Support • Manuscript editing and technical review • Response-to-reviewers preparation SERVICE MOTTO Always strive to exceed expectations.

Subject Matter Expertise

• ★ Catalysis
• ★ Spectroscopy
• ★ Gas Chromatography
• ☆ Trace Elements
• ☆ Surface Science
• ☆ Materials Science & Engineering
• ☆ Analytical Chemistry
• ☆ IR Spectroscopy
• ☆ Raman Spectroscopy
• ☆ Ceramic Engineering
• ☆ Carbon Materials
• ☆ X-Ray Technology
• ☆ Oil & Petroleum

Services

• Writing
• Research
• Consulting

Writing Technical Writing

Research Scientific and Technical Research

Consulting Scientific and Technical Consulting

Work Experience

Associate Professor

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

August 2015 - August 2021

Assistant Professor

Pennsylvania State University University Park

November 2007 - June 2014

Research Associate

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

May 2007 - October 2007

Postdoctoral Associate

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

October 2003 - February 2007

Education

PhD (Chemical Engineering)

Lehigh University

January 1999 - June 2003

MS (Institute of Physics)

Chinese Academy of Sciences

September 1994 - June 1997

BS (Materials Science and engineering)

Tsinghua University

September 1989 - June 1994

Certifications

• Certification details not provided.

Publications

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Yongsheng Chen, Wenyi Zhu, Guanchun Rui, Bo Li, Shihai Zhang, Patrick T. Mather, Q. M. Zhang (2025). High crystallinity and polar-phase content in electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers with low molecular weight . Journal of Applied Physics.

Yongsheng Chen, Chao Peng, Di Yu, Chunlei Zhang, Maozhong Chen, Lanyi Wang, Xuehua Yu, Xiaoqiang Fan, Zhen Zhao, Kai Cheng, et al. (2023). Alkali/alkaline-earth metal-modified MnO supported on three-dimensionally ordered macroporous–mesoporous Ti Si1-O2 catalysts: Preparation and catalytic performance for soot combustion . Journal of Environmental Sciences.

Yongsheng Chen, Lanyi Wang, Yu Ren, Xuehua Yu, Di Yu, Chao Peng, Qiang Zhou, Jia Hou, Chengming Zhong, Chengyang Yin, et al. (2022). Facile preparation, catalytic performance and reaction mechanism of MnxCo1−xOδ/3DOM-m Ti0.7Si0.2W0.1Oy catalysts for the simultaneous removal of soot and NOx . Catalysis Science & Technology.

Yongsheng Chen, Renjie Li, Huiling Zheng, Dong Li, Kun Zhao, Jianmei Li, Xuehua Yu, Jian Liu, Zhen Zhao (2021). 3DOM Mn-Based Perovskite Catalysts Modified by Potassium: Facile Synthesis and Excellent Catalytic Performance for Simultaneous Catalytic Elimination of Soot and NOx from Diesel Engines . The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

Yongsheng Chen, Kai Cheng, Songjian Zhao, Jiazheng Ren, Haoran Li (2021). CO2 Self-Poisoning and Its Mitigation in CuO Catalyzed CO Oxidation: Determining and Speeding up the Rate-Determining Step . Catalysts.

Yongsheng Chen, Di Yu, Yu Ren, Xuehua Yu, Xiaoqiang Fan, Lanyi Wang, Ruidan Wang, Zhen Zhao, Kai Cheng, Zbigniew Sojka, et al. (2021). Facile synthesis of birnessite-type K2Mn4O8 and cryptomelane-type K2-xMn8O16 catalysts and their excellent catalytic performance for soot combustion with high resistance to H2O and SO2 . Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

Yongsheng Chen, Mengjie Qin, Zhihao Lou, Ping Zhang, Zongmo Shi, Jie Xu, Feng Gao (2020). Enhancement of Thermoelectric Performance of Sr0.9La0.1TiO3-Based Ceramics Regulated by Nanostructures . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Yongsheng Chen, Jiazheng Ren (2020). Pitfalls in identifying active catalyst species . Nature Communications.

Yongsheng Chen, Alex Chinghuan Lee, Mengjie Qin, Haoran Li, Zongmo Shi, Jie Xu, Feng Gao (2020). Annealing of Strontium Titanate Based Thermoelectric Materials by Graphite: Mechanistic Analysis by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques . ChemPlusChem.

Yongsheng Chen, Long Tang, Zhen Zhao, Kaixiang Li, Xuehua Yu, Yuechang Wei, Jian Liu, Yang Peng, Yazhao Li (2020). Highly Active Monolith Catalysts of LaKCoO3 Perovskite-type Complex Oxide on Alumina-washcoated Diesel Particulate Filter and the Catalytic Performances for the Combustion of Soot . Catalysis Today.

Yongsheng Chen, Ming Li, Haoran Li, Kai Cheng, Jiazheng Ren (2020). Controlling the Reduction Extent for Optimal Performance of a Ni/Al2O3 Dry Reforming Catalyst . Journal of Applied Catalysis & Chemical Engineering.

Yongsheng Chen, Xuehua Yu, Lanyi Wang, Maozhong Chen, Xiaoqiang Fan, Zhen Zhao, Kai Cheng, Zbigniew Sojka, Yuechang Wei, Jian Liu (2019). Enhanced activity and sulfur resistance for soot combustion on three-dimensionally ordered macroporous-mesoporous MnxCe1-xOδ/SiO2 catalysts . Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

Yongsheng Chen, Jiazheng Ren, Kai Cheng, Ming Li, Songjian Zhao, Haoran Li (2019). Bridging the Gaps Between Experimental and Mechanistic Catalysis Research: A Case Study with CO Oxidation Over a Pd/Al2O3 Catalyst . ChemCatChem.

Yongsheng Chen, Ming Li, Kai Cheng, Jiazheng Ren (2019). Controlling the Reduction Extent for Metal Catalysts . ChemistrySelect.

Yongsheng Chen, Jiazheng Ren, Ming Li, Alex Chinghuan Lee, Kai Cheng (2019). IR spectroscopic measurement of hydrogen production kinetics in methane dry reforming . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

Yongsheng Chen, Jiazheng Ren, Alex Chinghuan Lee, Kai Cheng, Ming Li (2018). Measuring the Unmeasurable by IR Spectroscopy: Carbon Deposition Kinetics in Dry Reforming of Methane . ChemPhysChem.

Yongsheng Chen, Kai Cheng, Bing Liu, Weiyu Song, Jian Liu, Zhen Zhao, Yuechang Wei (2018). Effect of Nb Promoter on the Structure and Performance of Iron Titanate Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

Yongsheng Chen, Yuan Huang, Zihan Xu, Jiangquan Mai, Tsz-Ki Lau, Xinhui Lu, Yao-Jane Hsu, Alex Chinghuan Lee, Yanglong Hou, Ying Shirley Meng, et al. (2017). Revisiting the origin of cycling enhanced capacity of Fe3O4 based nanostructured electrode for lithium ion batteries . Nano Energy.

Yongsheng Chen, Chunlin Gong, Gaogao Dong, Jiaxin Hu, Mengjie Qin, Shengjie Yang, Feng Gao (2017). Effect of reducing annealing on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of La–Bi co-doped SrTiO3 ceramics . Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

Yongsheng Chen, Jixing Liu, Yuhao Du, Jian Liu, Zhen Zhao, Kai Cheng, Yuechang Wei, Weiyu Song, Xiao Zhang (2017). Design of MoFe/Beta@CeO2 catalysts with a core−shell structure and their catalytic performances for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 . Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

Yongsheng Chen, Jianlin Deng, Jixing Liu, Weiyu Song, Zhen Zhao, Liang Zhao, Huiling Zheng, Alex Chinghuan Lee, Jian Liu (2017). Selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 over Mo–Fe/beta catalysts: the effect of Mo loading amounts . RSC Advances.

Yongsheng Chen, Jing Xiao, Siddarth Sitamraju, Shingo Watanabe, Mamoru Fujii, Michael Janik, Chunshan Song (2015). Air‐promoted adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over Ti‐Ce mixed metal oxides . AIChE Journal.

Yongsheng Chen, Yi Zuo, Min Liu, Ting Zhang, Luwei Hong, Xinwen Guo, Chunshan Song, Pengyu Zhu, Cherno Jaye, Daniel Fischer (2015). Role of pentahedrally coordinated titanium in titanium silicalite-1 in propene epoxidation . RSC Advances.

Yongsheng Chen, Jianmei Li, Jian Liu, Liwei Ren, Qinglong Liu, Zhen Zhao, Pengyu Zhu, Yuechang Wei, Aijun Duan, Guiyuan Jiang (2014). Selective oxidation of ethane to aldehydes over SBA-15 supported molybdenum catalyst . Journal of Energy Chemistry.

Yongsheng Chen, Bo Meng, Zongbin Zhao, Xuzhen Wang, Yong Li, Jieshan Qiu (2014). Low-temperature synthesis of Mn-based mixed metal oxides with novel fluffy structures as efficient catalysts for selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia . Chemical Communications.

Yongsheng Chen, Walter Partenheimer, John L. Fulton, Christina M. Sorensen, Van-Thai Pham (2014). The aerobic oxidation of bromide to dibromine catalyzed by homogeneous oxidation catalysts and initiated by nitrate in acetic acid . Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical.

Yongsheng Chen, Pengyu Zhu, Jiangxuan Song, Dongping Lv, Donghai Wang, Cherno Jaye, Daniel A. Fischer, Tianpin Wu (2014). Mechanism of Enhanced Carbon Cathode Performance by Nitrogen Doping in Lithium–Sulfur Battery: An X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study . The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

Yongsheng Chen, Jiangxuan Song, Terrence Xu, Mikhail L. Gordin, Pengyu Zhu, Dongping Lv, Ying‐Bing Jiang, Yuhua Duan, Donghai Wang (2014). Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Promoted Chemical Adsorption of Sulfur and Fabrication of High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathode with Exceptional Cycling Stability for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries . Advanced Functional Materials.

Yongsheng Chen, Jing Xiao, Siddarth Sitamraju, Michael Janik, Chunshan Song (2013). Air‐Promoted Adsorptive Desulfurization over Ti0.9Ce0.1O2 Mixed Oxides from Diesel Fuel under Ambient Conditions . ChemCatChem.

Yongsheng Chen, Jing Xiao, Xiaoxing Wang, Mamoru Fujii, Chunshan Song (2013). Ultra-Deep Adsorptive Desulfurization of Light-Irradiated Diesel Fuel over Supported TiO2–CeO2 Adsorbents . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

Yongsheng Chen, Jing Xiao, Zhenlong Liu, Kyungsoo Kim, Jian Yan, Zhong Li, Weilong Wang (2013). S/O-Functionalities on Modified Carbon Materials Governing Adsorption of Water Vapor . The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

Jie Wang, An-Hui Lu, Mingrun Li, Weiping Zhang, Yong-Sheng Chen, Dong-Xu Tian, Wen-Cui Li (2013). Thin Porous Alumina Sheets as Supports for Stabilizing Gold Nanoparticles . ACS Nano.

Yongsheng Chen, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Bin Fang, Shiyao Shan, Valeri Petkov, Pengyu Zhu, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Jin Luo, Jun Yin, Lefu Yang, et al. (2012). Design of Ternary Nanoalloy Catalysts: Effect of Nanoscale Alloying and Structural Perfection on Electrocatalytic Enhancement . Chemistry of Materials.

Yongsheng Chen, Lefu Yang, Shiyao Shan, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Valeri Petkov, Yang Ren, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Mark H. Engelhard, Jin Luo, Jun Yin, et al. (2012). Role of Support–Nanoalloy Interactions in the Atomic-Scale Structural and Chemical Ordering for Tuning Catalytic Sites . Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Yongsheng Chen, Chao Xie, Mark H. Engelhard, Chunshan Song (2012). Comparative Study on the Sulfur Tolerance and Carbon Resistance of Supported Noble Metal Catalysts in Steam Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel . ACS Catalysis.

Yongsheng Chen, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Bin Fang, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Mark Engelhard, Jin Luo, Jun Yin, Lefu Yang, Shiyao Shan, Chuan-Jian Zhong (2012). Role of Metal Coordination Structures in Enhancement of Electrocatalytic Activity of Ternary Nanoalloys for Oxygen Reduction Reaction . ACS Catalysis.

Yongsheng Chen, Jian Liu, Lihong Yu, Zhen Zhao, Pengyu Zhu, Chao Wang, Yan Luo, Chunming Xu, Aijun Duan, Guiyuan Jiang (2012). Potassium-modified molybdenum-containing SBA-15 catalysts for highly efficient production of acetaldehyde and ethylene by the selective oxidation of ethane . Journal of Catalysis.

Yongsheng Chen, Quan Zhou, Zongbin Zhao, Han Hu, Jieshan Qiu (2012). Low temperature plasma-mediated synthesis of graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor electrodes . Journal of Materials Chemistry.

Yongsheng Chen, Na Li, Xiaoliang Ma, Qingfang Zha, Kyungsoo Kim, Chunshan Song (2011). Maximizing the number of oxygen-containing functional groups on activated carbon by using ammonium persulfate and improving the temperature-programmed desorption characterization of carbon surface chemistry . Carbon.

Yongsheng Chen, Fenglong Sun, Kwadwo A. Osseo-Asare, Brian A. Dempsey (2011). Reduction of As(V) to As(III) by commercial ZVI or As(0) with acid-treated ZVI . Journal of Hazardous Materials.

Yongsheng Chen, Matthew J. Marino, Erik Hsiao, Osman L. Eryilmaz, Ali Erdemir, Seong H. Kim (2011). Understanding Run-In Behavior of Diamond-Like Carbon Friction and Preventing Diamond-Like Carbon Wear in Humid Air . Langmuir.

Yongsheng Chen, Jian Liu, Zhen Zhao, Chunming Xu, Aijun Duan, Guiyuan Jiang (2011). Different valent ions-doped cerium oxides and their catalytic performances for soot oxidation . Catalysis Today.

Yongsheng Chen, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Bin Fang, Jin Luo, Jun Yin, Mark H. Engelhard, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Chuan-Jian Zhong (2011). Correlation between Atomic Coordination Structure and Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Trimetallic Alloy Catalysts . Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Yongsheng Chen, Jennifer L. Rygel, Carlo G. Pantano, Tomohiro Shibata, Jincheng Du, Leopold Kokou, Robert Woodman, James Belcher (2011). Local Structure of Cerium in Aluminophosphate and Silicophosphate Glasses . Journal of the American Ceramic Society.

Yongsheng Chen, Jincheng Du, Leopold Kokou, Jennifer L. Rygel, Carlo G. Pantano, Robert Woodman, James Belcher (2011). Structure of Cerium Phosphate Glasses: Molecular Dynamics Simulation . Journal of the American Ceramic Society.

Yongsheng Chen, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Jun Yin, Bin Fang, Jin Luo, Minhua Shao, Lesia Protsailo, Tetsuo Kawamura, Valeri Petkov, et al. (2011). Structural and Electrocatalytic Properties of PtIrCo/C Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction . ACS Catalysis.

Yongsheng Chen, Kyungsoo Kim, Pengyu Zhu, Na Li, Xiaoliang Ma (2011). Characterization of oxygen containing functional groups on carbon materials with oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy . Carbon.

Yongsheng Chen, Bin Fang, Jin Luo, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Jian Hong, Jun Yin, Xiang Hu, Peipei Hu, Chuan‐Jian Zhong (2011). Nanoengineered PtVFe/C Cathode Electrocatalysts in PEM Fuel Cells: Catalyst Activity and Stability . ChemCatChem.

Yongsheng Chen, Yuechang Wei, Jian Liu, Zhen Zhao, Chunming Xu, Aijun Duan, Guiyuan Jiang, Hong He (2011). Highly Active Catalysts of Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous LaFeO3 for Soot Oxidation . Angewandte Chemie International Edition.

Yongsheng Chen, Rameshwori Loukrakpam, Jin Luo, Ting He, Zhichuan Xu, Peter N. Njoki, Bridgid N. Wanjala, Bin Fang, Derrick Mott, Jun Yin, et al. (2011). Nanoengineered PtCo and PtNi Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: An Assessment of the Structural and Electrocatalytic Properties . The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

Yongsheng Chen, Chao Xie, Yan Li, Xiaoxing Wang, Chunshan Song (2011). Influence of sulfur on the carbon deposition in steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons over CeO2–Al2O3 supported Ni and Rh catalysts . Applied Catalysis A: General.

Yongsheng Chen, Tatiana G. Levitskaia, John L. Fulton, Sergei I. Sinkov (2011). Neodymium(iii) complexation by amino-carbohydrates via a ligand-controlled hydrolysis mechanism . Chemical Communications.

Yongsheng Chen, Chao Xie, Yan Li, Xiaoxing Wang, Chunshan Song (2010). Sulfur poisoning of CeO2–Al2O3-supported mono- and bi-metallic Ni and Rh catalysts in steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons at low and high temperatures . Applied Catalysis A: General.

Yongsheng Chen, Chao Xie, Yan Li, Chunshan Song, Trudy B. Bolin (2010). Sulfur poisoning mechanism of steam reforming catalysts: an X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopic study . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.

Yongsheng Chen, Wendy J. Shaw, John Fulton, John Linehan, Anna Gutowska, Tom Bitterwolf (2008). Structural evolution of a recoverable rhodium hydrogenation catalyst . Journal of Organometallic Chemistry.

Yongsheng Chen, John L. Fulton, John C. Linehan, Tom Autrey, Mahalingam Balasubramanian, Nathaniel K. Szymczak (2007). When is a Nanoparticle a Cluster? An Operando EXAFS Study of Amine Borane Dehydrocoupling by Rh4-6 Clusters . Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Yongsheng Chen, John L. Fulton, Steve M. Heald, Mahalingam Balasubramanian (2006). Hydration and contact ion pairing of Ca2+ with Cl− in supercritical aqueous solution . The Journal of Chemical Physics.

Yongsheng Chen, Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou, John L. Fulton, Gregory K. Schenter, Liem X. Dang (2006). Electronic structure, statistical mechanical simulations, and EXAFS spectroscopy of aqueous potassium . Theoretical Chemistry Accounts.

Yongsheng Chen, John L. Fulton, Walter Partenheimer (2005). The Structure of the Homogeneous Oxidation Catalyst, Mn(II)(Br-1)x, in Supercritical Water:  An X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Study . Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Yongsheng Chen, Wendy J. Shaw, John C. Linehan, Anna Gutowska, David Newell, Tom Bitterwolf, John L. Fulton, Charles F. Windisch (2005). Synthesis and characterization of a recoverable rhodium catalyst with a stimulus sensitive polymer ligand . Inorganic Chemistry Communications.

Yongsheng Chen, John L. Fulton, Walter Partenheimer (2005). A XANES and EXAFS Study of Hydration and Ion Pairing in Ambient Aqueous MnBr2 Solutions . Journal of Solution Chemistry.

Yongsheng Chen, John L. Fulton, John C. Linehan, Tom Autrey (2005). In Situ XAFS and NMR Study of Rhodium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Dimethylamine Borane . Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Yongsheng Chen, John L. Fulton, Steve M. Heald, Mahalingam Balasubramanian (2004). High-pressure, high-temperature x-ray absorption fine structure transmission cell for the study of aqueous ions with low absorption-edge energies . Review of Scientific Instruments.

Yongsheng Chen, Israel E. Wachs (2003). Tantalum oxide-supported metal oxide (Re2O7, CrO3, MoO3, WO3, V2O5, and Nb2O5) catalysts: synthesis, Raman characterization and chemically probed by methanol oxidation . Journal of Catalysis.

Yongsheng Chen, Jose L. G. Fierro, Tsunehiro Tanaka, Israel E. Wachs (2003). Supported Tantalum Oxide Catalysts:  Synthesis, Physical Characterization, and Methanol Oxidation Chemical Probe Reaction . The Journal of Physical Chemistry B.

Yongsheng Chen, Israel E Wachs, Jih-Mirn Jehng, Laura E Briand, Tsunehiro Tanaka (2003). Molecular structure and reactivity of the Group V metal oxides . Catalysis Today.

Yongsheng Chen, Kan Xie, Zhen Xiang Liu (1998). Determination of the position of V4+ as minor component in XPS spectra by difference spectra . Applied Surface Science.

Yongsheng Chen, Kan Xie, Zhenxiang Liu (1998). XPS studies of V2O5 thin film at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures . Applied Surface Science.