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Hire Dr. Samuel K.

United States

USD 190 /hr

Freelance, Biostatistician, Data Scientist, Epidemiologist, Clinical Trials Expert

Profile Summary

I am a physician, infectious disease epidemiologist, and biostatistician whose research bridges clinical practice and advanced quantitative methods. I apply advanced statistical and methodological approaches to the design and analysis of intervention studies involving longitudinal and clustered data. I also have extensive expertise in designing randomized clinical trials. I have expertise in a wide range of analytic techniques, including mixed-effects modeling, latent class analysis, generalized linear modeling, generalized estimating equations, survival analysis, structural equation modeling, latent growth curve modeling, predictive modeling, and Machine Learning. My research has been published in high-impact journals such as The Lancet, BMJ, and Nature Communications.

Subject Matter Expertise

• ☆ Biostatistics
• ☆ Data Analysis
• ☆ Machine Learning
• ☆ Statistics
• ☆ Trend Analysis
• ☆ Publishing
• ☆ STATA
• ☆ R
• ☆ Clinical Trials
• ☆ Human Biology
• ☆ Infectious Disease
• ☆ Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
• ☆ HIV/AIDS Treatment
• ☆ Tropical Medicine
• ☆ Malaria
• ☆ Public Health
• ☆ Epidemiology
• ☆ Poverty Alleviation
• ☆ Global Health
• ☆ Disease Control And Prevention
• ☆ Public Health and Sanitation
• ☆ Health Technology Assessment
• ☆ Depression

Services

• Writing
• Research
• Consulting
• Data & AI

Writing Medical Writing

Research Feasibility Study, Systematic Literature Review, Secondary Data Collection

Consulting Scientific and Technical Consulting

Data & AI Predictive Modeling, Statistical Analysis, Big Data Analytics, Data Cleaning

Work Experience

Research Assistant Professor

New York University

July 2025 - Present

Research Assistant Professor

New York University

July 2025 - Present

Research Assistant Professor

Washington University in St. Louis

July 2024 - June 2025

Research Assistant Professor

Washington University in St Louis

April 2024 - June 2025

Clinical Epidemiologist

Makerere University

January 2015 - September 2021

Doctor/ Epidemiologist

Makerere University College of Health Sciences

June 2015 - April 2020

Education

Fogarty Fellowship (Global Health)

Makerere University/Yale University

July 2016 - Present

Public Health Sciences PhD

Washington University, Saint Louis - United States

September 2021 - April 2024

PhD (Brown School)

Washington University in St. Louis

August 2021 - April 2024

Master's of Science in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Makerere University

August 2013 - July 2015

MSc. Clin Epi. & Biostat. (Clinical Epidemiology)

Makerere University School of Medicine

August 2013 - May 2015

M.B.Ch.B (College of Health Sciences)

Makerere University

August 2007 - May 2012

Medicine and Surgery

Makerere University

August 2007 - May 2012

Certifications

• Advanced Analytic Methods of Causal Analysis

  Washington University in Saint Louis

  April 2023 - May 2023

• TB Research Methods

  McGill Institute

  May 2017 - June 2017

Publications

JOURNAL ARTICLE

(2025). <i>She Is a Guest in My House</i>: Exploring the Barriers to Asset Development and Decision-Making Autonomy Among Young Women in Southern Uganda . JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

(2025). A prediction model for virologic failure in adolescents living with HIV in Uganda: Findings from the Suubi plus Adherence study . PUBLIC HEALTH.

(2025). Beyond the Cycle: Investigating the Relationship Between Menstrual Hygiene Factors, Family Economic Stability, and Depression Among Adolescent Girls in Uganda-A 24 Month Mixed-Effects Regression Analysis of the Suubi4Her Trial . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH.

(2025). Crossroads of choice: a qualitative study of the factors influencing decisions to transition from sex work among women engaged in sex work in Southern Uganda . BMC WOMENS HEALTH.

(2025). Exploring the Association Between Body Mass Index and Dysmenorrhea in Adolescent Girls in Uganda . WOMENS REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.

(2025). Culture, self-esteem and menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Uganda: the impact of economic and family strengthening . BMC WOMENS HEALTH.

(2025). HPV Vaccine Uptake and its Predictors among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Living with HIV-in Central Uganda . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2025). Intimate partner violence and ART adherence in Uganda . LANCET.

(2025). Low HIV Viral Load Suppression and Its Implications for Controlling HIV among Refugee Adolescents and Youth Living in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: A Cross-sectional Analysis . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2025). Patterns of maternal and child health services utilization and associated socioeconomic disparities in sub-Saharan Africa . NATURE COMMUNICATIONS.

(2025). Preliminary Impact of Public Health Messaging on HPV Vaccine Uptake Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Living with HIV in Central Uganda . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2025). Social Determinants of Mental Health Outcomes Among Refugee Adolescents and Youth Living with HIV in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Analysis . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2025). The Effect of Depression on the Pathways Between an Economic Strengthening Intervention and ART Adherence in Youths with HIV: Findings from a Moderated Mediation Model of the Suubi plus Adherence Cluster-Randomized Study . PREVENTION SCIENCE.

(2025). The Impact of Group-Based Interventions on Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties among Adolescents Living with HIV: The Suubi4Stigma Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial . JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES.

(2025). The Impact of a Family Economic Empowerment Intervention on Cultural Gender Norm Beliefs Among HIV-Orphaned Adolescents in Southern Uganda . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2025). The Impact of an Economic Empowerment Intervention on Economic Security among AIDS-Orphaned Adolescents in Southern Uganda: the Moderating Role of Depression . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2025). The long-term impact of family economic empowerment on viral suppression and mental health outcomes among adolescents living with HIV in low-income settings: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in Southern Uganda . SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE.

(2025). Triple crisis among refugee youth resettled in high-income countries . LANCET.

(2025). Using machine learning to predict poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents with HIV in low resource settings . AIDS.

(2024). A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of an Economic Strengthening Intervention to Enhance Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence among Adolescents Living with HIV . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2024). A mixed Methods Study of Multilevel Factors Influencing Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Adolescent Girls in Uganda . JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH.

(2024). Advanced HIV disease and associated factors among young people aged 15-24 years at a tertiary hospital in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study . BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

(2024). COVID-19-Related Experiences and the Psychological Wellbeing of Adolescent Girls in Uganda: A Cross-sectional Study . GLOBAL SOCIAL WELFARE.

(2024). Examining the Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Community Level Correlates of Access to Medical Care Among Women Employed by Sex Work in Southern Uganda: A cross-sectional Analysis of the Kyaterekera Study . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2024). HIV among refugee youth in Uganda: unmasking the crisis . LANCET.

(2024). HIV and alcohol misuse among miners in Zimbabwe . LANCET.

(2024). HIV andtuberculosis in Uganda: are we neglecting poverty? . LANCET.

(2024). Insulin Receptor Signaling And Racial Disparities In Triple Negative Breast Cancer . JOURNAL OF THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY.

(2024). Peer Pressure and Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Adolescent Girls in a Region Impacted by HIV/AIDS in Southwestern Uganda . JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH.

(2024). Preliminary Impact of Group-Based Interventions on Stigma and the Mental Health of Caregivers of Adolescents Living with HIV in Uganda . AIDS AND BEHAVIOR.

(2024). Preliminary Impact of Group-Based Interventions on Stigma, Mental Health, and Treatment Adherence Among Adolescents Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Uganda . JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS.

(2024). Reducing HIV in young women in Uganda: the need for autonomy . LANCET.

(2024). Refugees and asylees with disabilities: a call for economic integration . LANCET.

(2024). The impact of an economic empowerment intervention on intimate partner violence among women engaged in sex work in southern Uganda: A cluster randomized control trial . SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE.

(2023). Agent-based Modeling: Exploring Treatment Adherence Among Adolescents with HIV . ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH.

(2023). Call to action: HIV among adolescents in Sierra Leone . LANCET.

Kizito, Samuel, Nabayinda, Josephine, Namirembe, Rashida, Nsubuga, Edward, Nabunya, Proscovia, Sensoy Bahar, Ozge, Magorokosho, Natasja, Kiyingi, Joshua, Nattabi, Jennifer, Tozan, Yesim, et al.(2023). Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Young Women Engaged in Sex Work in Southern Uganda . Journal of interpersonal violence.

(2023). Enhancing Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adolescents Living With HIV Through Group-Based Therapeutic Approaches in Uganda: Findings From a Pilot Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial . JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY.

Correction: Does asset ownership influence sexual risk‑taking behaviors among women engaged in sex work in Southern Uganda? A mediation analysis @article{PMID:36691051,Title={Correction: Does asset ownership influence sexual risk‑taking behaviors among women engaged in sex work in Southern Uganda? A mediation analysis},Author={Nabayinda, Josephine and Kiyingi, Joshua and Kizito, Samuel and Nsubuga, Edward and Nabunya, Proscovia and Bahar, Ozge Sensoy and Magorokosho, Natasja and Nattabi, Jennifer and Witte, Susan S and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1186/s12905-023-02167-9},Number={1},Volume={23},Month={January},Year={2023},Journal={BMC women's health},ISSN={1472-6874},Pages={33},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9872410}} . BMC women's health.

(2023). Maximizing the Value of Routine Hospital Data for Better Understanding of HIV Medication Adherence in Low-Resourced Settings . ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH.

Kizito, Samuel, Kiyingi, Joshua, Witte, Susan S, Nabunya, Proscovia, Nsubuga, Edward, Sensoy Bahar, Ozge, Mayo-Wilson, Larissa Jennings, Nattabi, Jennifer, Nabayinda, Josephine, Ssewamala, Fred M(2023). Predictors of mobility among women engaged in commercial sex work in Uganda using generalized estimating equations model . International journal of STD &amp; AIDS.

(2023). Prevalence and factors associated with lumbopelvic pain among pregnant women in their third trimester: a cross-sectional study . PAN AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL.

(2023). Prevalence and factors associated with advanced HIV disease among young people aged 15 - 24 years in a national referral hospital in Sierra Leone . medRxiv.

Factors Associated with Consistent Condom Use Among Women Engaged in Sex Work: Lessons From the Kyaterekera Study in Southwestern Uganda @article{PMID:36112259,Title={Factors Associated with Consistent Condom Use Among Women Engaged in Sex Work: Lessons From the Kyaterekera Study in Southwestern Uganda},Author={Nabayinda, Josephine and Kizito, Samuel and Witte, Susan and Nabunnya, Proscovia and Kiyingi, Joshua and Namuwonge, Flavia and Nsubuga, Edward and Bahar, Ozge Sensoy and Mayo-Wilson, Larissa Jennings and Yang, Lyla Sunyoung and Nattabi, Jennifer and Magorokosho, Natasja and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1007/s10461-022-03833-z},Number={3},Volume={27},Month={March},Year={2023},Journal={AIDS and behavior},ISSN={1090-7165},Pages={969—977},Abstract={We examined the factors associated with consistent condom use among women engaged in sex work in the Southern parts of Uganda. We used baseline data from a longitudinal study involving WESW from 19 hotspots in Southern Uganda. We conducted hierarchical models to determine the individual, economic, behavioral, and health-related factors associated with consistent condom use. We found that, alcohol use (b=-0.48, 95% CI=-0.77, -0.19), accepting money for condomless sex (b=-0.33, 95% CI=-0.38, -0.28), multiple customers (b=-0.01, 95% CI=-0.01, -0.005), being married (b = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.99), owning more assets (b = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.13), having another income earner in the household (b = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.83), condom use self-efficacy (b = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.19), condom use communication (b = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.001, 0.12), and being knowledgeable about HIV/STIs transmission (b = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.15) were associated with consistent condom use. Additionally, 29% of the women were consistent condom users. Hence, there is need to implement interventions that promote consistent condom use among WESW.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9974574}} . AIDS and behavior.

Self-Reported Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Among Women Engaged in Commercial Sex Work in Southern Uganda @article{PMID:36066764,Title={Self-Reported Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Among Women Engaged in Commercial Sex Work in Southern Uganda},Author={Kiyingi, Joshua and Nabunya, Proscovia and Kizito, Samuel and Nabayinda, Josephine and Nsubuga, Edward and Bahar, Ozge Sensoy and Jennings Mayo-Wilson, Larissa and Namuwonge, Flavia and Nattabi, Jennifer and Magorokosho, Natasja and Tozan, Yesim and Witte, Susan S and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1007/s10461-022-03837-9},Number={3},Volume={27},Month={March},Year={2023},Journal={AIDS and behavior},ISSN={1090-7165},Pages={1004—1012},Abstract={We examined the correlates of self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among women engaged in commercial sex work (WESW) in Uganda. We used baseline data from a longitudinal study, which recruited 542 WESW in Southern Uganda. We used nested regression models to determine the individual and family, and economic level correlates of self-reported adherence. Study findings show that older age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.013, 1.139), secondary education (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.306, 3.084), large household size (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.020, 1.136), high family cohesion (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.052, 1.065), and high financial self-efficacy (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.006, 1.130) were associated with good self-reported adherence to ART. Married women (OR=-0.39, 95% CI = 0.197, 0.774), depression (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.744, 0.969), alcohol use (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.548, 0.954), ever been arrested (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.341, 0.997), and high household assets ownership (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.313, 0.724) were associated with poor self-reported adherence to ART. Findings suggest a need to adopt a multi-level approach to address gaps in ART adherence among WESW.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9974600}} . AIDS and behavior.

The effect of family support on self-reported adherence to ART among adolescents perinatally infected with HIV in Uganda: A mediation analysis @article{PMID:36810778,Title={The effect of family support on self-reported adherence to ART among adolescents perinatally infected with HIV in Uganda: A mediation analysis},Author={Nabunya, Proscovia and Samuel, Kizito and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1002/jad.12157},Number={4},Volume={95},Month={June},Year={2023},Journal={Journal of adolescence},ISSN={0140-1971},Pages={834—843},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Introduction&lt;/h4&gt;This study examined the mechanisms through which family support affects self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents perinatally infected with HIV in Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;Longitudinal data from 702 adolescent boys and girls (10-16 years) were analyzed. Structural equation models were conducted to assess the direct, indirect, and total effects of family support on adherence.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Results showed a significant indirect effect of family support on adherence (β = .112, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.052-0.173, p &lt; .001). Specific indirect effects of family support through saving attitudes (β = .058, 95% CI: 0.008-0.108, p = .024), and communication with the guardian (β = .056, 95% CI: 0.012-0.100), p = .013), as well as the total effect of family support on adherence (β = .146 (95% CI: 0.032-0.259, p = .012), were statistically significant. Mediation contributed 76.7% of the total effects.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;Findings support strategies to help promote family support and strengthen open communication between adolescents living with HIV and their caregivers.},URL={https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12157}} . Journal of adolescence.

A Structural Equation Model of the Impact of a Family-Based Economic Intervention on Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Adolescents Living With HIV in Uganda @article{PMID:37062583,Title={A Structural Equation Model of the Impact of a Family-Based Economic Intervention on Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Adolescents Living With HIV in Uganda},Author={Kizito, Samuel and Nabayinda, Josephine and Neilands, Torsten B and Kiyingi, Joshua and Namuwonge, Flavia and Damulira, Christopher and Nabunya, Proscovia and Nattabi, Jennifer and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.012},Number={5S},Volume={72},Month={May},Year={2023},Journal={The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine},ISSN={1054-139X},Pages={S41—S50},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Purpose&lt;/h4&gt;Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV) is low, with poverty remaining a significant contributor. We examined the mediation pathways between an economic empowerment intervention and ART adherence among ALWHIV.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;This cluster-randomized controlled trial (2012-2018) recruited 702 ALWHIV aged 10-16 in Uganda between January 2014 and December 2015. We randomized 39 clinics into the control (n = 344) or intervention group (n = 358). The intervention comprised a child development account, four microenterprise workshops, and 12 mentorship sessions. We used six self-reported items to measure adherence at 24 months, 36 months, and 48 months. We used structural equation modeling to assess the mediation effects through mental health and adherence self-efficacy, on adherence. We ran models corresponding to the 24, 36, and 48 months of follow-up.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;The mean age of the participants was 12 years, and 56% were female. At 36 (model 2) and 48 months (model 3), the intervention had a significant indirect effect on ART adherence [B = 0.069, β = 0.039 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.005-0.074)], and [B = 0.068, β = 0.040 (95% CI: 0.010-0.116)], respectively. In both models, there was a specific mediation effect through mental health [B = 0.070, β = 0.040 (95% CI: 0.007-0.063)], and [B = 0.039, β = 0.040 (95% CI: 0.020-0.117)]. Overall, 49.1%, 90.7%, and 36.8% of the total effects were mediated in models, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.&lt;h4&gt;Discussion&lt;/h4&gt;EE interventions improve adherence, by improving mental health functioning. These findings warrant the need to incorporate components that address mental health challenges in programs targeting poverty to improve ART adherence in low-income settings.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10161872}} . The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

The Impact of an Economic Strengthening Intervention on Academic Achievement Among Adolescents Living with HIV: Findings from the Suubi + Adherence Cluster-Randomized Trial in Uganda (2012-2018) @article{PMID:36048290,Title={The Impact of an Economic Strengthening Intervention on Academic Achievement Among Adolescents Living with HIV: Findings from the Suubi + Adherence Cluster-Randomized Trial in Uganda (2012-2018)},Author={Kizito, Samuel and Nabayinda, Josephine and Kiyingi, Joshua and Neilands, Torsten B and Namuwonge, Flavia and Namatovu, Phionah and Nabunya, Proscovia and Sensoy Bahar, Ozge and Ssentumbwe, Vicent and Magorokosho, Natasja and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1007/s10461-022-03838-8},Number={3},Volume={27},Month={March},Year={2023},Journal={AIDS and behavior},ISSN={1090-7165},Pages={1013—1023},Abstract={We examined the impact of a family-based economic strengthening intervention on school dropout and repeating a class among ALWHIV in Uganda. In this cluster-randomized trial (2012-2018) conducted in 39 clinics, we recruited adolescents aged 10-16 years living with HIV. We included data from 613 adolescents. We plotted a Kaplan Meier survival curve and fitted Cox proportional hazards models to test the effect of the economic strengthening intervention on school dropout. The incidence of school dropout was 13.0% and 9.6% in the control and intervention groups, respectively. Also, economic empowerment reduced the risk of school dropout, aHR = 0.68 (95% CI 0.52-0.88), p-value 0.004. In other words, participants in the intervention group had 32% reduced hazards of dropping out of school. Also, increasing age aHR = 1.54 (95% CI 1.42-1.66), p-value &lt; 0.001 and double orphanhood aHR = 0.67 (95% CI 0.47-0.96) p-value 0.030 increased the risks for dropping out of school. The intervention was not efficacious in reducing the rates of repeating a class. The intervention offered the ALWHIV an opportunity to live a productive adult life. More research is required on these kinds of interventions intended to keep ALWHIV and those impacted by HIV in school.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9974578}} . AIDS and behavior.

The Relationship Between Family Cohesion and Depression Among School-Going Children With Elevated Symptoms of Behavioral Challenges in Southern Uganda @article{PMID:37062578,Title={The Relationship Between Family Cohesion and Depression Among School-Going Children With Elevated Symptoms of Behavioral Challenges in Southern Uganda},Author={Nabayinda, Josephine and Kizito, Samuel and Ssentumbwe, Vicent and Namatovu, Phionah and Sensoy Bahar, Ozge and Damulira, Christopher and Nabunya, Proscovia and Kiyingi, Joshua and Namuwonge, Flavia and Mwebembezi, Abel and McKay, Mary M and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.016},Number={5S},Volume={72},Month={May},Year={2023},Journal={The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine},ISSN={1054-139X},Pages={S11—S17},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Purpose&lt;/h4&gt;Depression is among the leading causes of disability and contributes significantly to the overall disease burden affecting children. Family cohesion has been identified as a protective factor against depression. Examining this relationship is necessary in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Uganda-a country characterized by a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, and high rates of chronic poverty, all of which stress family functioning and elevate child behavioral challenges. This study examined the relationship between family cohesion and depression among school-going children with elevated symptoms of behavioral challenges in southern Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;At baseline, 2089 children were enrolled in the National Institutes of Health-funded Strengthening Mental Health and Research Training Africa study in Southwestern Uganda. This article analyzed data from 626 children aged 8-13 years with elevated behavioral challenges. We conducted multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression to determine the association between family cohesion and depression. We controlled for sociodemographic and household characteristics.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;The mean age was 10.3 years. The overall mean depression score was 3.2 (standard deviation = 2.7, range = 0-15). Family cohesion (β = -0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.04, -0.02, p &lt; .001) and owning essential items by the child (β = -0.13, 95% CI: -0.23, -0.04, p = .005) were protective against depression among children. Additionally, we observed being a single orphan (β = -0.44, 95% CI: -0.03, -0.86, p = .036) and having both parents (β = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.06, -0.81, p = .023) were associated with depression among children.&lt;h4&gt;Discussion&lt;/h4&gt;Findings from this study reveal that family cohesion was protective against depression. Therefore, it is vital to strengthen family support systems by developing programs aimed at strengthening family relationships as a catalyst for addressing depression among children.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10161871}} . The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

Using Hierarchical Regression to Examine the Predictors of Sexual Risk-Taking Attitudes among Adolescents Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Uganda @article{PMID:37074235,Title={Using Hierarchical Regression to Examine the Predictors of Sexual Risk-Taking Attitudes among Adolescents Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Uganda},Author={Kizito, Samuel and Namuwonge, Flavia and Nabayinda, Josephine and Nabunya, Proscovia and Nattabi, Jennifer and Sensoy Bahar, Ozge and Kiyingi, Joshua and Magorokosho, Natasja and Ssewamala, Fred M},DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.034},Month={April},Year={2023},Journal={The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine},ISSN={1054-139X},Pages={S1054—139X(23)00144—1},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Purpose&lt;/h4&gt;We explored the factors influencing sexual risk-taking attitudes-defined as beliefs and values regarding sexual activity-among adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (ALHIV) in Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;The study used baseline data from a five-year cluster-randomized control trial (2012-2018) among 702 ALHIV in Uganda. Participants were aged 10-16 years, HIV-positive, taking antiretroviral therapy, and living within a family. We fitted hierarchical regression models to assess the demographic, economic, psychological, and social predictors of sexual risk-taking attitudes. Using R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, the final model explained 11.4% of the total variance.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Under economic factors, caregiver being formally employed (β = -0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.10-0.06, p &lt; .001), and the ALHIV working for pay (β = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.28-3.29, p = .022), were associated with sexual risk-taking attitudes. Among the psychological factors, more depressive symptoms (β = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11-0.32, p &lt; .001) were associated with more approving attitudes toward sexual risk-taking. Family and social factors including communicating with the caregiver about HIV (β = 1.32, 95% CI: 0.56-2.08, p = .001), sex (β = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.20-1.97, p = .017), and experiencing peer pressure (β = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.85-4.89, p &lt; .001) were also associated with more approving attitudes toward sexual risk-taking. The final model explained 11.54% of the total variance.&lt;h4&gt;Discussion&lt;/h4&gt;Economic, psychological, and social factors influence sexual risk-taking attitudes among ALHIV. There is a need for more research to understand why discussing sex with caregivers improves adolescents' positive attitudes toward sexual risk-taking. These findings have significant ramifications in preventing sexual transmission of HIV among adolescents in low-income settings.},URL={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.034}} . The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

Samuel Kizito, Darejan Dvalishvili, Fred. M. Ssewamala, Proscovia Nabunya, Ozge Sensoy Bahar, Flavia Namuwonge, Phionah Namatovu (2022). Impact of Family-Based Economic Empowerment Intervention, Suubi+Adherence (2012–2018) on Multidimensional Poverty for Adolescents Living with HIV (ALWHIV) in Uganda . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

(2022). High burden of pulmonary tuberculosis and missed opportunity to initiate treatment among children in Kampala, Uganda . AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES.

Kizito, Samuel, Dvalishvili, Darejan, Ssewamala, Fred M, Nabunya, Proscovia, Sensoy Bahar, Ozge, Namuwonge, Flavia, Namatovu, Phionah(2022). Impact of Family-Based Economic Empowerment Intervention, Suubi+Adherence (2012-2018) on Multidimensional Poverty for Adolescents Living with HIV (ALWHIV) in Uganda . International journal of environmental research and public health.

Kizito, Samuel, Kiyingi, Joshua, Nabunya, Proscovia, Bahar, Ozge Sensoy, Mayo-Wilson, Larissa Jennings, Tozan, Yesim, Nabayinda, Josephine, Namuwonge, Flavia, Nsubuga, Edward, Nattabi, Jennifer, et al.(2022). Prevalence and predictors of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among vulnerable women engaged in sex work: Findings from the Kyaterekera Project in Southern Uganda . PloS one.

(2022). Impact of Family-Based Economic Empowerment Intervention, Suubi plus Adherence (2012-2018) on Multidimensional Poverty for Adolescents Living with HIV (ALWHIV) in Uganda . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

Kizito, Samuel, Namuwonge, Flavia, Brathwaite, Rachel, Neilands, Torsten B, Nabunya, Proscovia, Bahar, Ozge Sensoy, Damulira, Christopher, Mwebembezi, Abel, Mellins, Claude, McKay, Mary M, et al.(2022). Monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents in Southern Uganda: comparing Wisepill to Self-report in predicting viral suppression in a cluster-randomized trial . Journal of the International AIDS Society.

Kizito, Samuel, Nabayinda, Josephine, Kiyingi, Joshua, Nsubuga, Edward, Nabunya, Proscovia, Bahar, Ozge Sensoy, Magorokosho, Natasja, Nattabi, Jennifer, Witte, Susan, Fred Melch, Ssewamala(2022). Does asset ownership influence sexual risk-taking behaviors among women engaged in sex work in Southern Uganda? A mediation analysis . BMC women's health.

High burden of pulmonary tuberculosis and missed opportunity to initiate treatment among children in Kampala, Uganda @article{PMID:37092095,Title={High burden of pulmonary tuberculosis and missed opportunity to initiate treatment among children in Kampala, Uganda},Author={Kizito, Samuel and Nakalega, Rita and Nampijja, Dorothy and Atuheire, Collins and Amanya, Geofrey and Kibuuka, Edrisa and Nansumba, Hellen and Obuku, Ekwaro and Kalyango, Joan and Karamagi, Charles},DOI={10.4314/ahs.v22i4.66},Number={4},Volume={22},Month={December},Year={2022},Journal={African health sciences},ISSN={1680-6905},Pages={607—618},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;There is uncertainty about the actual burden of childhood TB in Uganda, but underestimation is acknowledged. We aimed at determining prevalence, factors associated with PTB among children attending PHC facilities in Kampala.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;This was a cross-sectional study of 255 children, with presumed TB, attending six health facilities in Kampala, Uganda, in March 2015. Socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected using a questionnaire. TB was diagnosed using "Desk Guide" algorithms. Sputum based on ZN/FM and/or Gene-Xpert. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with outcomes.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Overall, prevalence of PTB 13.7 % (2.6 - 24.8). Among HIV-positive, the prevalence of PTB was 41.7%, while among malnourished children, 21.7% and contacts, 89.3%. The factors that influenced PTB included: tobacco smoker at home (OR = 1.6, 95 % CI: 1.07 - 6.86), stunting (OR = 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.01 - 4.15). Only 5.3% of the smear-negative TB children and 81.3% of the smear-positive children were initiated on treatment within a month of diagnosis.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;Clinical TB among children is underdiagnosed and undertreated. There is a need for more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, need ways to disseminate and promote uptake of standardized clinical algorithms. Also, contact TB tracing should be strengthened so that such cases can be actively detected even at community level.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10117512}} . African health sciences.

(2021). Inequity in utilization of health care facilities during childbirth: a community-based survey in post-conflict Northern Uganda (vol 29, pg 229, 2021) . JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG.

(2021). Linkage to intensive adherence counselling among HIV-positive persons on ART with detectable viral load in Gomba district, rural Uganda . AIDS RESEARCH AND THERAPY.

(2021). Predicting the individualized risk of poor adherence to ART medication among adolescents living with HIV in Uganda: the Suubi plus Adherence study . JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY.

Kizito, Samuel, Brathwaite, Rachel, Ssewamala, Fred M, Neilands, Torsten B, Okumu, Moses, Mutumba, Massy, Damulira, Christopher, Nabunya, Proscovia, Sensoy Bahar, Ozge, Mellins, Claude A, et al.(2021). Predicting the individualized risk of poor adherence to ART medication among adolescents living with HIV in Uganda: the Suubi+Adherence study . Journal of the International AIDS Society.

Kizito, Samuel, Maena, Joel, Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi, Mukiza, Nelson, Kuteesa, Cynthia Ndikuno, Kakumba, Ronald Makanga, Kataike, Hajira, Babirye, Juliet Allen, Nakalega, Rita(2021). Determinants of viral load non-suppression among adolescents in Mbale District, Eastern Rural Uganda . AIDS research and therapy.

(2021). Determinants of viral load non-suppression among adolescents in Mbale District, Eastern Rural Uganda . AIDS RESEARCH AND THERAPY.

(2021). Inequity in utilization of health care facilities during childbirth: a community-based survey in post-conflict Northern Uganda . JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG.

Kizito, Samuel, Nakalega, Rita, Mukiza, Nelson, Debem, Henry, Kiwanuka, George, Kakumba, Ronald Makanga, Menge, Robert, Kagimu, Irene-Kinera, Nakaye, Catherine, Babirye, Juliet Allen, et al.(2021). Linkage to intensive adherence counselling among HIV-positive persons on ART with detectable viral load in Gomba district, rural Uganda . AIDS research and therapy.

Kizito, Samuel, Coker, Eric, Katamba, Achilles, Eskenazi, Brenda, Davis, J Lucian(2020). Household air pollution profiles associated with persistent childhood cough in urban Uganda . Environment international.

Coker, E., Katamba, A., Kizito, S., Eskenazi, B., Davis, J.L.(2020). Household air pollution profiles associated with persistent childhood cough in urban Uganda . Environment International. 136.

Coker, E., Katamba, A., Kizito, S., Eskenazi, B., Davis, J.L.(2020). Household air pollution profiles associated with persistent childhood cough in urban Uganda . Environment International. 136.

Kizito, Samuel, Nalwanga, Damalie, Musiime, Victor, Kiggundu, John Baptist, Batte, Anthony, Musoke, Philippa, Tumwine, James K(2020). Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda . BMC pediatrics.

(2020). Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda . BMC PEDIATRICS.

Nalwanga, D., Musiime, V., Kizito, S., Kiggundu, J.B., Batte, A., Musoke, P., Tumwine, J.K.(2020). Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: A prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda . BMC Pediatrics. 20. (1).

Nalwanga, D., Musiime, V., Kizito, S., Kiggundu, J.B., Batte, A., Musoke, P., Tumwine, J.K.(2020). Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: A prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda . BMC Pediatrics. 20. (1).

(2020). Predictors of evaluation in child contacts of TB patients . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE.

(2020). Prevalence and sex-specific patterns of metabolic syndrome in rural Uganda . BMJ NUTRITION, PREVENTION & HEALTH.

(2020). Household air pollution profiles associated with persistent childhood cough in urban Uganda . ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL.

Predictors of evaluation in child contacts of TB patients @article{PMID:32912391,Title={Predictors of evaluation in child contacts of TB patients},Author={Lee, G and Meyer, AJ and Kizito, S and Katamba, A and Davis, JL and Armstrong-Hough, M},DOI={10.5588/ijtld.20.0108},Number={8},Volume={24},Month={August},Year={2020},Journal={The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease},ISSN={1027-3719},Pages={847—849},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7724585}} . The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

Prevalence and sex-specific patterns of metabolic syndrome in rural Uganda @article{PMID:33235966,Title={Prevalence and sex-specific patterns of metabolic syndrome in rural Uganda},Author={Ben-Yacov, Limor and Ainembabazi, Pearl and Stark, Aliza Hannah and Kizito, Samuel and Bahendeka, Silver},DOI={10.1136/bmjnph-2019-000050},Number={1},Volume={3},Year={2020},Journal={BMJ nutrition, prevention &amp; health},ISSN={2516-5542},Pages={11—17},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background and aims&lt;/h4&gt;In sub-Saharan Africa, infectious diseases are still the leading causes of mortality; however, this may soon be surpassed by non-communicable illnesses, namely hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study determined the prevalence and patterns of metabolic syndrome and cardio-risk factors in men and women in rural Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;A household-based, cross-sectional survey was carried out following the WHO STEP-wise approach to surveillance. It included demographic and lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses. Of the 200 randomly recruited participants, 183 successfully completed two steps of the study and 161 provided blood samples.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Data were collected from 183 adults, aged 18-69 years; 62% were female. Based on the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 19.1% (95% CI 14.0 to 22.5). Elevated fasting plasma glucose was observed in 14.2% (95% CI 9.1 to 19.3) of participants, hypertriglyceridaemia in 16.9% (95% CI 12.1 to 23.1); hypertension in 36.1% (95% CI 29.0 to 43.0) and 52.5% (95% CI 45.2 to 59.6) had low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Abdominal obesity was found in 24.6% (95% CI 18.8 to 31.4) of participants. Sex disparities were significant for several risk factors. Females had significantly higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (38.6% vs 1.5% in males, p=0.001) and twice the rates of low HDL (65.8% vs 30.4%, p=0.001). Men tended to have higher but not significant rates of hypertension (42.0% vs 32.5%) and smoked significantly more than women (49.3% vs 21.1%, p&lt;0.001). Alcohol consumption was also higher in men (55.1% vs 18.4%, p&lt;0.001) and quantities consumed were approximately three times greater than in females (p&lt;0.001).&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;Metabolic syndrome exists at worrying rates in the rural Ugandan population. Sex disparities are evident in risk factor prevalence, reflecting physiological variables and deeply entrenched cultural and lifestyle norms.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7664504}} . BMJ nutrition, prevention &amp; health.

Mukunya, D., Nankabirwa, V., Ndeezi, G., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., Odongkara, B., Arach, A.A., et al.(2019). Key decision makers and actors in selected newborn care practices: A community-based survey in northern Uganda . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16. (10).

Mukunya, D., Nankabirwa, V., Ndeezi, G., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., Odongkara, B., Arach, A.A., et al.(2019). Key decision makers and actors in selected newborn care practices: A community-based survey in northern Uganda . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16. (10).

(2019). Utility of albumin to creatinine ratio in screening for microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Uganda: a cross sectional study . AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES.

Muddu, M., Mutebi, E., Ssinabulya, I., Kizito, S., Mulindwa, F., Kiiza, C.M.(2019). Utility of albumin to creatinine ratio in screening for microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Uganda: A cross sectional study . African Health Sciences. 19. (1). p. 1607-1616.

Muddu, M., Mutebi, E., Ssinabulya, I., Kizito, S., Mulindwa, F., Kiiza, C.M.(2019). Utility of albumin to creatinine ratio in screening for microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Uganda: A cross sectional study . African Health Sciences. 19. (1). p. 1607-1616.

Mukunya, D., Tumwine, J.K., Ndeezi, G., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., Odongkara, B., Arach, A.A., et al.(2019). Correction to: Inequity in utilization of health care facilities during childbirth: a community-based survey in post-conflict Northern Uganda (Journal of Public Health, (2019), 10.1007/s10389-019-01114-z) . Journal of Public Health (Germany).

Mukunya, D., Tumwine, J.K., Ndeezi, G., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., Odongkara, B., Arach, A.A., et al.(2019). Correction to: Inequity in utilization of health care facilities during childbirth: a community-based survey in post-conflict Northern Uganda (Journal of Public Health, (2019), 10.1007/s10389-019-01114-z) . Journal of Public Health (Germany).

Mukunya, D., Tumwine, J.K., Ndeezi, G., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., Odongkara, B., Arach, A.A., et al.(2019). Inequity in utilization of health care facilities during childbirth: a community-based survey in post-conflict Northern Uganda . Journal of Public Health (Germany).

Mukunya, D., Tumwine, J.K., Ndeezi, G., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., Odongkara, B., Arach, A.A., et al.(2019). Inequity in utilization of health care facilities during childbirth: a community-based survey in post-conflict Northern Uganda . Journal of Public Health (Germany).

Animal bite injuries in the accident and emergency unit at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda @article{PMID:31489090,Title={Animal bite injuries in the accident and emergency unit at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda},Author={Wangoda, Robert and Nakibuuka, Jane and Nyangoma, Edith and Kizito, Samuel and Angida, Teddy},DOI={10.11604/pamj.2019.33.112.16624},Volume={33},Year={2019},Journal={The Pan African medical journal},ISSN={1937-8688},Pages={112},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Introduction&lt;/h4&gt;Animal bite injuries are a common public health concern in Uganda. We sought to characterize animal bite injuries among patients presenting to Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;This was a cross sectional study from 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; September to 30&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; November 2011. Participants were animal bite injury victims presenting to the accident and emergency (A&amp;E) unit at Mulago hospital and were consecutively enrolled into the study. Socio-demographics, severity and patterns of injury, health seeking and dog handling behaviours were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize participant characteristics and the animal bite injuries. Poisson regression model's incident rate ratios (IRR) was used to explore the relationship of the number of days to accessing treatment at Mulago hospital with; a) received prior first aid, b) animal bite injury sustained during day time, c) unknown dog and d) victim resident in Kampala. Data were analyzed using STATA version 12.0 and statistical significance set at P &lt; 0.05.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Of 25,420 patients that presented to the A&amp;E unit during the study period, 207 (0.8%) had animal bite injuries, mean age 22.7 years (SD 14.3), 64.7% male, and 40.1% were &lt;18 years. Majority 199 (96.1%) were bitten by a lone unrestrained and un-signaled dog that had bitten someone else in 22.2% of cases, and eight victims (0.4%) were attacked in canine gangs of 2-5 dogs. Rabies vaccination was confirmed in only 23 dogs (11.1%) as 109 (52.7%) were unknown to the victims or the communities. One hundred and eighteen victims (57.0%) sustained the dog bites within Kampala district whilst the rest occurred near or far from Kampala district, and the victims especially referred to access anti-rabies vaccine. Of 207, 189 victims (91.3%) presented within 2.6 days (SD ± 4.3). Two hundred victims (96.6%) sustained extremity injuries while the rest had injuries to other body parts. All injuries were minor and managed on out-patient basis with wound dressing, analgesics, prophylactic antibiotics and anti-rabies vaccination. Victims who received prior first aid had a rate of 1.7 times greater for seeking treatment at Mulago hospital (IRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.1) compared to those that had no prior first aid. Participants who sustained the animal bite injuries during day time had a rate of 1.6 times greater for seeking treatment at Mulago hospital (IRR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.1) compared to those that sustained injuries at other times. Participants bitten by unknown dog and participants residing in Kampala had IRR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9 and IRR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.8 respectively of accessing treatment at Mulago hospital compared to bitten by known dog and not residing in Kampala.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;Dog bites injuries from unrestrained, un-signaled dogs are the commonest source of animal bite injuries especially among children (&lt;18 years). Vaccination against rabies was only confirmed for a very small number of dogs, as majority were unknown and likely stray dogs. Government and public sensitization is urgently required to limit stray dogs, vaccinate dogs and restrain them to prevent a grave probability of a looming canine rabies epidemic.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6711686}} . The Pan African medical journal.

Association between CD4 T cell counts and the immune status among adult critically ill HIV-negative patients in intensive care units in Uganda @article{PMID:31517248,Title={Association between CD4 T cell counts and the immune status among adult critically ill HIV-negative patients in intensive care units in Uganda},Author={Kavuma Mwanje, Arthur and Ejoku, Joseph and Ssemogerere, Lameck and Lubulwa, Clare and Namata, Christine and Kwizera, Arthur and Wabule, Agnes and Okello, Erasmus and Kizito, Samuel and Lubikire, Aggrey and Sendagire, Cornelius and Andia Biraro, Irene},DOI={10.12688/aasopenres.12925.1},Volume={2},Month={January},Year={2019},Journal={AAS open research},ISSN={2515-9321},Pages={2},Abstract={&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;: Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells play a central role in regulation of adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. Low CD4 T cell counts are not routinely reported as a marker of immune deficiency among HIV-negative individuals, as is the norm among their HIV positive counterparts. Despite evidence of mortality rates as high as 40% among Ugandan critically ill HIV-negative patients, the use of CD4 T cell counts as a measure of the immune status has never been explored among this population. This study assessed the immune status of adult critically ill HIV-negative patients admitted to Ugandan intensive care units (ICUs) using CD4 T cell count as a surrogate marker. &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A multicentre prospective cohort was conducted between 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; August 2017 and 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; March 2018 at four Ugandan ICUs. A total of 130 critically ill HIV negative patients were consecutively enrolled into the study. Data on sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, critical illness scores, CD4 T cell counts were obtained at baseline and mortality at day 28. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The mean age of patients was 45± 18 years (mean±SD) and majority (60.8%) were male. After a 28-day follow up, 71 [54.6%, 95% CI (45.9-63.3)] were found to have CD4 counts less than 500 cells/mm³, which were not found to be significantly associated with mortality at day 28, OR (95%) 1 (0.4-2.4), p = 0.093. CD4 cell count receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) area was 0.5195, comparable to APACHE II ROC area 0.5426 for predicting 24-hour mortality. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; CD4 T cell counts were generally low among HIV-negative critically ill patients. Low CD4 T cells did not predict ICU mortality at day 28. CD4 T cell counts were not found to be inferior to APACHE II score in predicting 24 hour ICU mortality.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6742509}} . AAS open research.

(2019). Animal bite injuries in the accident and emergency unit at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda . PAN AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL.

Wangoda, R., Nakibuuka, J., Nyangoma, E., Kizito, S., Angida, T.(2019). Animal bite injuries in the accident and emergency unit at Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda . Pan African Medical Journal. 33.

Wangoda, R., Nakibuuka, J., Nyangoma, E., Kizito, S., Angida, T.(2019). Animal bite injuries in the accident and emergency unit at Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda . Pan African Medical Journal. 33.

Kizito, Samuel, Mukunya, David, Nankabirwa, Victoria, Ndeezi, Grace, Tumuhamye, Josephine, Tongun, Justin Bruno, Napyo, Agnes, Achora, Vincentina, Odongkara, Beatrice, Arach, Agnes Anna, et al.(2019). Key Decision Makers and Actors in Selected Newborn Care Practices: A Community-Based Survey in Northern Uganda . International journal of environmental research and public health.

(2019). Key Decision Makers and Actors in Selected Newborn Care Practices: A Community-Based Survey in Northern Uganda . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

Utility of albumin to creatinine ratio in screening for microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Uganda: a cross sectional study @article{PMID:31148990,Title={Utility of albumin to creatinine ratio in screening for microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Uganda: a cross sectional study},Author={Muddu, Martin and Mutebi, Edrisa and Ssinabulya, Isaac and Kizito, Samuel and Mulindwa, Frank and Kiiza, Charles Mondo},DOI={10.4314/ahs.v19i1.36},Number={1},Volume={19},Month={March},Year={2019},Journal={African health sciences},ISSN={1680-6905},Pages={1607—1616},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;In this cross-sectional study conducted between June 2014 and January 2015, we collected information on patients' socio-demographics, biophysical profile, blood pressure, biochemical testing and echocardiographic findings using a pre-tested questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of several factors with microalbuminuria.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Of the 175 patients recruited, males were 90(51.4%) and the mean age was 46±15 years. Majority of patients had type 2 DM 140 (80.0%) and the rest had type 1 DM 35 (20.0%). Mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was 13.9±5.3%. Mean duration of diabetes was 2 months. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was 47.4 % (95% CI: 40.0%-54.9%) overall. Pregnancy was associated with microalbuminuria (OR7.74[95%CI.1.01-76.47] P=0.050) while mild and moderate physical activity at work were inversely associated with microalbuminuria respectively (OR0.08[95%CI0.01-0.95] P=0.046) and (OR0.07[95%CI0.01-0.77] P=0.030).&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;Prevalence of microalbuminuria was high in this group. Physical activity at work may be protective against microalbuminuria and this calls for longitudinal studies. Early detection and management of microalbuminuria in diabetics may slow progression to overt diabetic nephropathy (DN).},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6531967}} . African health sciences.

Muddu, M., Mutebi, E., Ssinabulya, I., Kizito, S., Mondo, C.K.(2018). Hypertension among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago national referral hospital in Uganda a cross sectional study . Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 29. (4). p. 218-224.

Hypertension among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda: a cross sectional study @article{PMID:29750228,Title={Hypertension among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda: a cross sectional study},Author={Muddu, Martin and Mutebi, Edrisa and Ssinabulya, Isaac and Kizito, Samuel and Mondo, Charles Kiiza},DOI={10.5830/cvja-2018-015},Number={4},Volume={29},Year={2018},Journal={Cardiovascular journal of Africa},ISSN={1995-1892},Pages={218—224},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;The prevalence of hypertension in patients with diabetes is approximately two-fold higher than in age-matched subjects without the disease and, conversely, individuals with hypertension are at increased risk of developing diabetes compared with normotensive persons. Up to 75% of cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with diabetes are attributed to hypertension. Diabetics who have hypertension are more likely to develop complications and die, and appropriate blood pressure control in these individuals reduces the risk. This study sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients in a national referral hospital in Uganda.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;In this cross-sectional study, conducted between June 2014 and January 2015, we recruited 201 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients. Information on patients' socio-demographics was obtained using a pre-tested questionnaire, while biophysical profile, blood pressure measurement, biochemical testing and echocardiographic findings were obtained by the research team for all the participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of several factors with hypertension.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Of the 201 patients recruited, 102 were male (50.8%) and the mean age was 46 ± 15 years. The majority of patients (159) had type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (79.1%) with a mean HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; level of 13.9 ± 5.3%. The prevalence of hypertension was 61.9% (95% CI: 54.8-68.6%). Knowledge of hypertension status was at 56 (27.7%) patients, 24 (44.4%) hypertensives were on treatment, and 19 (33.9%) were using ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers. The independent factors associated with hypertension were being employed (OR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16-0.90, p = 0.029) and being overweight or obese (OR 11.6, 95% CI: 4.29-31.2, p &lt; 0.0001).&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;The prevalence of hypertension was high in this population of newly diagnosed diabetics, few patients had knowledge of their hypertension status and few were on appropriate treatment. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were associated with hypertension in this group. Therefore routine assessment, treatment and control of hypertension among diabetics is necessary to prevent cardiovascular complications and death. There is also a need to address the modifiable risk factors.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6421551}} . Cardiovascular journal of Africa.

(2018). Hypertension among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda: a cross sectional study . CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA.

Muddu, M., Mutebi, E., Ssinabulya, I., Kizito, S., Mondo, C.K.(2018). Hypertension among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago national referral hospital in Uganda a cross sectional study . Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 29. (4). p. 218-224.

(2018). Integrating home HIV counselling and testing into household TB contact investigation: a mixed-methods study . PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION.

(2018). Quality of care in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis at primary care clinics in Kampala, Uganda . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE.

Kizito, S., Katamba, A., Marquez, C., Turimumahoro, P., Ayakaka, I., Davis, J.L., Cattamanchi, A.(2018). Quality of care in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis at primary care clinics in Kampala, Uganda . International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 22. (10). p. 1196-1202.

(2018). World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist: Compliance and Associated Surgical Outcomes in Uganda's Referral Hospitals . ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA.

Microalbuminuria among Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study @article{PMID:31098596,Title={Microalbuminuria among Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study},Author={Martin, Muddu and Edrisa, Mutebi and SSinabulya, Isaac and Samuel, Kizito and Frank, Mulindwa and Kiiza, Mondo Charles},DOI={10.23937/2572-4010.1510021},Number={1},Volume={4},Year={2018},Journal={Journal of obesity and weight-loss medication},Pages={021},Abstract={Microalbuminuria is an early marker of nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases and severe ocular morbidity in adults with diabetes mellitus. This subclinical condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Microalbuminuria precedes the development of overt diabetic nephropathy by 10-14 years. At this stage, one can reverse diabetic nephropathy or prevent its progression. Unfortunately, tests to detect microalbuminuria in diabetics are not routinely done in Uganda. This study sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with microalbuminuria among newly diagnosed diabetic patients in the National Referral Hospital in Uganda. In this cross-sectional study conducted between June 2014 and January 2015, we recruited 175 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients. Information on patients' socio-demographics, biophysical profile, blood pressure measurement, biochemical testing and echocardiographic findings was obtained for all the participants using a pre-tested questionnaire. Microalbuminuria was defined as Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (ACR) between 30 and 299 mg/g. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of several factors with microalbuminuria. Of the 175 patients recruited, males were 90 (51.4%) and the mean age was 46 ± 15 years. Majority of patients had type 2 DM 140 (80.0%) and the rest had type 1 DM 35 (20.0%). The mean HbA1C was 13.9 ± 5.3%. Mean duration of diabetes was 2 months. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was 47.4% (95% CI: 40.0%-54.9%) among all the patients that were assessed in the study. The independent factor associated with microalbuminuria was pregnancy (OR7.74[95% CI: 1.01-76.47] P = 0.050) while mild and moderate physical activity at work were inversely associated with microalbuminuria respectively (OR0.08[95% CI: 0.01-0.95] P = 0.046) and (OR0.07[95% CI: 0.01-0.77] P = 0.030). Prevalence of microalbuminuria was high in this patient population of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Pregnancy was positively associated with significant microalbuminuria while physical activity at work was inversely associated with microalbuminuria. Early detection and management of microalbuminuria in asymptomatic individuals may help in preventing deterioration in renal function and development of overt diabetic nephropathy and progression to ESRD.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6516080}} . Journal of obesity and weight-loss medication.

Igaga, E.N., Sendagire, C., Kizito, S., Obua, D., Kwizera, A.(2018). World health organization surgical safety checklist: Compliance and associated surgical outcomes in Uganda's referral hospitals . Anesthesia and Analgesia. 127. (6). p. 1427-1433.

Kizito, S., Katamba, A., Marquez, C., Turimumahoro, P., Ayakaka, I., Davis, J.L., Cattamanchi, A.(2018). Quality of care in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis at primary care clinics in Kampala, Uganda . International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 22. (10). p. 1196-1202.

Igaga, E.N., Sendagire, C., Kizito, S., Obua, D., Kwizera, A.(2018). World health organization surgical safety checklist: Compliance and associated surgical outcomes in Uganda's referral hospitals . Anesthesia and Analgesia. 127. (6). p. 1427-1433.

(2018). A Narrative Review on the Human Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Urgent Need for Health Effects Studies . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

Coker, E., Kizito, S.(2018). A narrative review on the human health effects of ambient air pollution in sub-saharan africa: An urgent need for health effects studies . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15. (3).

Kizito, Samuel, Coker, Eric(2018). A Narrative Review on the Human Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Urgent Need for Health Effects Studies . International journal of environmental research and public health.

Coker, E., Kizito, S.(2018). A narrative review on the human health effects of ambient air pollution in sub-saharan africa: An urgent need for health effects studies . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15. (3).

World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist: Compliance and Associated Surgical Outcomes in Uganda's Referral Hospitals @article{PMID:30059396,Title={World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist: Compliance and Associated Surgical Outcomes in Uganda's Referral Hospitals},Author={Igaga, Elizabeth N and Sendagire, Cornelius and Kizito, Samuel and Obua, Daniel and Kwizera, Arthur},DOI={10.1213/ane.0000000000003672},Number={6},Volume={127},Month={December},Year={2018},Journal={Anesthesia and analgesia},ISSN={0003-2999},Pages={1427—1433},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;A pilot study on the World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) showed a reduction in both major complications and mortality of surgical patients. Compliance with this checklist varies around the world. We aimed to determine the extent of compliance with the WHO SSC and its association with surgical outcomes in 5 of Uganda's referral hospitals.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted in 5 referral hospitals in Uganda. Using a questionnaire based on the WHO SSC, patients undergoing surgical operations were systematically recruited into the study from April 2016 to July 2016. The patients were followed up daily for 30 days or until discharge for the purpose of documentation of complications. Logistic regression and linear regression were used to assess for association between compliance and perioperative surgical outcomes.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;We recruited 859 patients into the study. Overall compliance with the WHO SSC was 41.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.7-43.8) ranging from 11.9% to 89.8% across the different hospitals. Overall compliance with "sign in" was 44.7% (95% CI, 43-45.6), with "time out" was 42.0% (95% CI, 39.4-44.6), and with "sign out" was 33.3% (95% CI, 30.7-35.9). There was no association between compliance and perioperative surgical outcomes: length of hospital stay, adverse events, and mortality.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h4&gt;This study revealed low levels of compliance with the WHO SSC. There was a statistically significant association between this level of compliance and the incidence of pain and loss of consciousness postoperatively.},URL={https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003672}} . Anesthesia and analgesia.

Mukunya, D., Tumwine, J.K., Nankabirwa, V., Ndeezi, G., Odongo, I., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., et al.(2017). Factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding: a survey in Northern Uganda . Global health action. 10. (1). p. 1410975.

(2017). Feasibility of the modified sequential organ function assessment score in a resource-constrained setting: a prospective observational study . BMC ANESTHESIOLOGY.

Sendagire, C., Lipnick, M.S., Kizito, S., Kruisselbrink, R., Obua, D., Ejoku, J., Ssemogerere, L., Nakibuuka, J., Kwizera, A.(2017). Feasibility of the modified sequential organ function assessment score in a resource-constrained setting: A prospective observational study . BMC Anesthesiology. 17. (1).

Burden, etiology and predictors of visual impairment among children attending Mulago National Referral Hospital eye clinic, Uganda @article{PMID:29085416,Title={Burden, etiology and predictors of visual impairment among children attending Mulago National Referral Hospital eye clinic, Uganda},Author={Kinengyere, Patience and Kizito, Samuel and Kiggundu, John Baptist and Ampaire, Anne and Wabulembo, Geoffrey},DOI={10.4314/ahs.v17i3.31},Number={3},Volume={17},Month={September},Year={2017},Journal={African health sciences},ISSN={1680-6905},Pages={877—885},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;Childhood visual impairment (CVI) has not been given due attention. Knowledge of CVI is important in planning preventive measures. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence, etiology and the factors associated with childhood visual impairment among the children attending the eye clinic in Mulago National Referral Hospital.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;This was a cross sectional hospital based study among 318 children attending the Mulago Hospital eye clinic between January 2015 to March 2015. Ocular and general history was taken and patient examination done. The data generated was entered by Epidata and analyzed by STATA 12.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;The prevalence of CVI was 42.14%, 134 patients with 49 patients (15.41%) having moderate visual impairment, 45 patients (14.15%) having severe visual impairment and 40 patients (12.58%) presenting with blindness. Significant predictors included; increasing age, delayed developmental milestones and having abnormal corneal, refractive and fundus findings.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;There is a high burden of visual impairment among children in Uganda. It is vital to screen all the children presenting to hospital for visual impairment. Majority of the causes of the visual impairment are preventable.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5656218}} . African health sciences.

Sendagire, C., Lipnick, M.S., Kizito, S., Kruisselbrink, R., Obua, D., Ejoku, J., Ssemogerere, L., Nakibuuka, J., Kwizera, A.(2017). Feasibility of the modified sequential organ function assessment score in a resource-constrained setting: A prospective observational study . BMC Anesthesiology. 17. (1).

Kizito, S., Baingana, R., Mugagga, K., Akera, P., Sewankambo, N.K.(2017). Influence of community-based education on undergraduate health professions students' decision to work in underserved areas in Uganda . BMC Research Notes. 10. (1).

Kizito, Samuel, Baingana, Rhona, Mugagga, Kintu, Akera, Peter, Sewankambo, Nelson K(2017). Influence of community-based education on undergraduate health professions students' decision to work in underserved areas in Uganda . BMC research notes.

Kizito, S., Baingana, R., Mugagga, K., Akera, P., Sewankambo, N.K.(2017). Influence of community-based education on undergraduate health professions students' decision to work in underserved areas in Uganda . BMC Research Notes. 10. (1).

(2017). Ringer's Lactate Versus Normal Saline in Urgent Cesarean Delivery in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial . ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA.

Ayebale, E.T., Kwizera, A., Mijumbi, C., Kizito, S., Roche, A.M.(2017). Ringer's Lactate Versus Normal Saline in Urgent Cesarean Delivery in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial . Anesthesia and Analgesia. 125. (2). p. 533-539.

Ayebale, E.T., Kwizera, A., Mijumbi, C., Kizito, S., Roche, A.M.(2017). Ringer's Lactate Versus Normal Saline in Urgent Cesarean Delivery in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial . Anesthesia and Analgesia. 125. (2). p. 533-539.

(2017). Risk factors, person, place and time characteristics associated with Hepatitis E Virus outbreak in Napak District, Uganda . BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

Ringer's Lactate Versus Normal Saline in Urgent Cesarean Delivery in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial @article{PMID:28682955,Title={Ringer's Lactate Versus Normal Saline in Urgent Cesarean Delivery in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial},Author={Ayebale, Emmanuel Timarwa and Kwizera, Arthur and Mijumbi, Cephas and Kizito, Samuel and Roche, Anthony Michael},DOI={10.1213/ane.0000000000002229},Number={2},Volume={125},Month={August},Year={2017},Journal={Anesthesia and analgesia},ISSN={0003-2999},Pages={533—539},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;Crystalloids are used routinely for perioperative fluid management in cesarean delivery. Few studies have determined the crystalloid of choice in obstetric anesthesia. We compared the effects of Ringer's lactate (RL) versus 0.9% normal saline (NS) on maternal and neonatal blood pH and 24-hour postoperative morbidity in urgent cesarean delivery in a low-resource setting. Our hypothesis was that RL would result in 30% less acidosis than NS.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;This was a pragmatic prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial in the Mulago National Referral Hospital Labor Ward Theater from September 2011 to May 2012. Five hundred parturients were studied; 252 were randomly assigned to NS and 248 to RL groups. Preoperative and postoperative maternal venous blood gases and placental umbilical arterial cord blood gases were analyzed. The primary outcome was incidence of maternal acidosis, as defined by a postoperative drop in venous pH below 7.32 or reduction in base excess below -3 in a previously normal parturient. Maternal 24-hour postoperative morbidity, neonatal pH, and neonatal base excess were the main secondary outcomes. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01585740.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;The overall incidence of maternal acidosis was 38% in NS and 29% in RL (relative risk, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.66; P = .04). Thirty-two percent of parturients in NS experienced a drop in venous pH below 7.32 postoperatively, compared with 19% in RL (relative risk, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-2.31; P = .003). The comparative drop in base excess postoperatively below -3 between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in the incidence of maternal 24-hour postoperative morbidity events and neonatal outcomes between the 2 groups.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h4&gt;NS may be a safe choice for intraoperative fluid therapy in urgent cesarean delivery as RL, albeit with an increased incidence of metabolic acidosis.},URL={https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002229}} . Anesthesia and analgesia.

Amanya, G., Kizito, S., Nabukenya, I., Kalyango, J., Atuheire, C., Nansumba, H., Abwoye, S.A., Opio, D.N., Kibuuka, E., Karamagi, C.(2017). Risk factors, person, place and time characteristics associated with Hepatitis E Virus outbreak in Napak District, Uganda . BMC Infectious Diseases. 17. (1).

Amanya, G., Kizito, S., Nabukenya, I., Kalyango, J., Atuheire, C., Nansumba, H., Abwoye, S.A., Opio, D.N., Kibuuka, E., Karamagi, C.(2017). Risk factors, person, place and time characteristics associated with Hepatitis E Virus outbreak in Napak District, Uganda . BMC Infectious Diseases. 17. (1).

Risk factors, person, place and time characteristics associated with Hepatitis E Virus outbreak in Napak District, Uganda @article{PMID:28651629,Title={Risk factors, person, place and time characteristics associated with Hepatitis E Virus outbreak in Napak District, Uganda},Author={Amanya, Geofrey and Kizito, Samuel and Nabukenya, Immaculate and Kalyango, Joan and Atuheire, Collins and Nansumba, Hellen and Abwoye, Stephen Akena and Opio, Denis Nixon and Kibuuka, Edrisa and Karamagi, Charles},DOI={10.1186/s12879-017-2542-2},Number={1},Volume={17},Month={June},Year={2017},Journal={BMC infectious diseases},ISSN={1471-2334},Pages={451},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;Hepatitis E is self-limiting, but can cause death in most at risk groups like pregnant women and those with preexisting acute liver disease. In developing countries it presents as epidemic, in 2014 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) outbreak was reported in Napak district Uganda. The role of factors in this setting that might have propagated this HEV epidemic, including host, agent, and environmental characteristics, were still not clear. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the risk factors, person, place and time characteristics, associated with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) epidemic in Napak district.&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;Review of line lists data for epidemiological description and matched case control study on neighborhood and age in the ratio of 1:2 were used to assess risk factors for HEV outbreak in Napak. Cluster and random sampling were used to obtain a sample size of 332, (111 cases, 221 controls). Possible interaction and confounding was assessed using conditional logistic regression.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Over 1359 cases and 30 deaths were reported during 2013/2014 HEV outbreak. The mean age of patients was 29 ± years, 57.9% of cases were females. Overall case Fatality Ratio was 2.2% in general population but 65.2% in pregnant women. More than 94% of the cases were reported in the sub counties of Napak, 5.7% of cases were reported in the outside neighboring districts. The epidemic peaked in January 2014 and gradually subsided by December 2014. Risk factors found to be associated with HEV included drinking untreated water (OR 6.69, 95% CI 3.15-14.16), eating roadside food (OR 6.11, 95% CI 2.85-13.09), reported not cleaning utensils (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.55-1.76), and being a hunter (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-12.66).&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;The results of this study suggest that the virus is transmitted by the feco-oral route through contaminated water. They also suggest that active surveillance and appropriate measures targeting community and routine individual health actions are important to prevent transmission and decrease the deaths.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5485539}} . BMC infectious diseases.

(2017). Sputum quality and diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF among smear-negative adults with presumed tuberculosis in Uganda . PLOS ONE.

Kizito, Samuel, Meyer, Amanda J, Atuheire, Collins, Worodria, William, Katamba, Achilles, Sanyu, Ingvar, Andama, Alfred, Ayakaka, Irene, Cattamanchi, Adithya, Bwanga, Freddie, et al.(2017). Sputum quality and diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF among smear-negative adults with presumed tuberculosis in Uganda . PloS one.

Meyer, A.J., Atuheire, C., Worodria, W., Kizito, S., Katamba, A., Sanyu, I., Andama, A., Ayakaka, I., Cattamanchi, A., Bwanga, F., et al.(2017). Sputum quality and diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF among smear-negative adults with presumed tuberculosis in Uganda . PLoS ONE. 12. (7).

Meyer, A.J., Atuheire, C., Worodria, W., Kizito, S., Katamba, A., Sanyu, I., Andama, A., Ayakaka, I., Cattamanchi, A., Bwanga, F., et al.(2017). Sputum quality and diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF among smear-negative adults with presumed tuberculosis in Uganda . PLoS ONE. 12. (7).

(2017). Burden, etiology and predictors of visual impairment among children attending Mulago National Referral Hospital eye clinic, Uganda . AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES.

Kinengyere, P., Kizito, S., Kiggundu, J.B., Ampaire, A., Wabulembo, G.(2017). Burden, etiology and predictors of visual impairment among children attending Mulago National Referral Hospital eye clinic, Uganda . African Health Sciences. 17. (3). p. 877-885.

Kinengyere, P., Kizito, S., Kiggundu, J.B., Ampaire, A., Wabulembo, G.(2017). Burden, etiology and predictors of visual impairment among children attending Mulago National Referral Hospital eye clinic, Uganda . African Health Sciences. 17. (3). p. 877-885.

Kizito, Samuel, Mukunya, David, Tumwine, James K, Nankabirwa, Victoria, Ndeezi, Grace, Odongo, Isaac, Tumuhamye, Josephine, Tongun, Justin Bruno, Napyo, Agnes, Achora, Vincentina, et al.(2017). Factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding: a survey in Northern Uganda . Global health action.

(2017). Factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding: a survey in Northern Uganda . GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION.

Mukunya, D., Tumwine, J.K., Nankabirwa, V., Ndeezi, G., Odongo, I., Tumuhamye, J., Tongun, J.B., Kizito, S., Napyo, A., Achora, V., et al.(2017). Factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding: a survey in Northern Uganda . Global health action. 10. (1). p. 1410975.

Kizito, Samuel, Kwizera, Arthur, Nabukenya, Mary, Peter, Agaba, Semogerere, Lameck, Ayebale, Emmanuel, Katabira, Catherine, Nantume, Cecilia, Clarke, Ian, Nakibuuka, Jane(2016). Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes of HIV Patients Admitted to an African Intensive Care Unit . Critical care research and practice.

(2016). Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes of HIV Patients Admitted to an African Intensive Care Unit . CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE.

Kwizera, A., Nabukenya, M., Peter, A., Semogerere, L., Ayebale, E., Katabira, C., Kizito, S., Nantume, C., Clarke, I., Nakibuuka, J.(2016). Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes of HIV Patients Admitted to an African Intensive Care Unit . Critical Care Research and Practice. 2016.

Kwizera, A., Nabukenya, M., Peter, A., Semogerere, L., Ayebale, E., Katabira, C., Kizito, S., Nantume, C., Clarke, I., Nakibuuka, J.(2016). Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes of HIV Patients Admitted to an African Intensive Care Unit . Critical Care Research and Practice. 2016.

(2016). Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda . AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES.

Kabugo, D., Kizito, S., Ashok, D.D., Graham, K.A., Ronald, N., Sandra, N., Richard, K.M., Achan, B., Najjuka, F.C.(2016). Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda . African Health Sciences. 16. (4). p. 1131-1142.

Kabugo, D., Kizito, S., Ashok, D.D., Graham, K.A., Ronald, N., Sandra, N., Richard, K.M., Achan, B., Najjuka, F.C.(2016). Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda . African Health Sciences. 16. (4). p. 1131-1142.

Kizito, Samuel, Nyombi, Kenneth V, Mukunya, David, Nabukalu, Angella, Bukama, Martin, Lunyera, Joseph, Asiimwe, Martha, Kimuli, Ivan, Kalyesubula, Robert(2016). High prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda . BMC research notes.

Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda @article{PMID:28479906,Title={Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda},Author={Kabugo, Deus and Kizito, Samuel and Ashok, Dave Dhara and Graham, Kiwanuka Alexander and Nabimba, Ronald and Namunana, Sandra and Kabaka, M Richard and Achan, Beatrice and Najjuka, Florence C},DOI={10.4314/ahs.v16i4.31},Number={4},Volume={16},Month={December},Year={2016},Journal={African health sciences},ISSN={1680-6905},Pages={1131—1142},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common medical problem affecting the general population and thus commonly encountered in medical practice, with the global burden of UTIs at about 150 million people. Because uropathogens largely originate from colonic flora, they are easy to predict, and this is the rationale for empirical treatment in Community Acquired-UTI (CA-UTIs). With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria among adults with CA-UTI in Uganda, it is no longer adequate to manage CA-UTIs on empiric regimen without revising the susceptibility patterns of common CA-UTI causative agents. Thus in this study we set out to identify: The factors associated with CA-UTIs, the common uropathogens and the drug sensitivity patterns of the common uropathogens cultured.&lt;h4&gt;Methodology&lt;/h4&gt;This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in adults who presented with symptoms of a UTI at Mulago Hospital, assessment center. There were 139 patients who consented to the study and were recruited, an interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the study participants as regards demographic, social and clinical characteristics and Mid Stream Urine (MSU) samples were collected for urinalysis, culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was applied to the isolates.Numeric data were summarized using measures of central tendency while the categorical data was summarized using proportions and percentages.&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;Age, female sex and marital status were factors that were significantly associated with CA-UTIs. Fifty four (54) cultures were positive for UTI with 26 giving pure growths. The commonest uropathogen isolated was Escherichia coli at 50%, this was followed by &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; at 15.4%. The sensitivity of &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; to Ampicillin and Nitrofurantoin were78.6%, 64.3% respectively, and the sensitivity of &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; to ciprofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin and gentamycin were 100%, 66.7% and 66.7% respectively.&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;There are known factors associated with CA-UTIs such as age, female sex. There was generally high sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and gentamycin by most of the uropathogens isolated, and high resistance to the common antibiotics such as nalidixic acid and erythromycin thus a need for a bigger study that can be used to effect the change of the current recommendations in the Uganda Clinical Guidelines as regards empirical management of CA-UTIs.},URL={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5398460}} . African health sciences.

Nyombi KV, Kizito S, Mukunya D, Nabukalu A, Bukama M, Lunyera J, Asiimwe M, Kimuli I, Kalyesubula R, BMC research notes, 2016, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 110 .

Nyombi, K.V., Kizito, S., Mukunya, D., Nabukalu, A., Bukama, M., Lunyera, J., Asiimwe, M., Kimuli, I., Kalyesubula, R.(2016). High prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda . BMC Research Notes. 9. (1).

Nyombi, K.V., Kizito, S., Mukunya, D., Nabukalu, A., Bukama, M., Lunyera, J., Asiimwe, M., Kimuli, I., Kalyesubula, R.(2016). High prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda . BMC Research Notes. 9. (1).

(2015). Career intentions of final year medical students in Uganda after graduating: the burden of brain drain . BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION.

Kizito S, Mukunya D, Nakitende J, Nambasa S, Nampogo A, Kalyesubula R, Katamba A, Sewankambo N, BMC medical education, 2015, vol. 15, pp. 122 .

Kizito, Samuel, Mukunya, David, Nakitende, Joyce, Nambasa, Stella, Nampogo, Adrian, Kalyesubula, Robert, Katamba, Achilles, Sewankambo, Nelson(2015). Career intentions of final year medical students in Uganda after graduating: the burden of brain drain . BMC medical education.

Kizito, S., Mukunya, D., Nakitende, J., Nambasa, S., Nampogo, A., Kalyesubula, R., Katamba, A., Sewankambo, N.(2015). Career intentions of final year medical students in Uganda after graduating: The burden of brain drain Career choice, professional education and development . BMC Medical Education. 15. (1).

Kizito, Samuel, Kwizera, Arthur, Nakibuuka, Jane, Ssemogerere, Lameck, Sendikadiwa, Charles, Obua, Daniel, Tumukunde, Janat, Wabule, Agnes, Nakasujja, Noeline(2015). Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium among Mechanically Ventilated Patients in an African Intensive Care Setting: An Observational Multicenter Study . Critical care research and practice.

Kizito, S., Mukunya, D., Nakitende, J., Nambasa, S., Nampogo, A., Kalyesubula, R., Katamba, A., Sewankambo, N.(2015). Career intentions of final year medical students in Uganda after graduating: The burden of brain drain Career choice, professional education and development . BMC Medical Education. 15. (1).

(2015). Incidence and Risk Factors for Delirium among Mechanically Ventilated Patients in an African Intensive Care Setting: An Observational Multicenter Study . CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE.

Kwizera A, Nakibuuka J, Ssemogerere L, Sendikadiwa C, Obua D, Kizito S, Tumukunde J, Wabule A, Nakasujja N, Critical care research and practice, 2015, vol. 2015, pp. 491780 .

Kwizera, A., Nakibuuka, J., Ssemogerere, L., Sendikadiwa, C., Obua, D., Kizito, S., Tumukunde, J., Wabule, A., Nakasujja, N.(2015). Incidence and risk factors for delirium among mechanically ventilated patients in an African intensive care setting: An observational multicenter study . Critical Care Research and Practice. 2015.

Kwizera, A., Nakibuuka, J., Ssemogerere, L., Sendikadiwa, C., Obua, D., Kizito, S., Tumukunde, J., Wabule, A., Nakasujja, N.(2015). Incidence and risk factors for delirium among mechanically ventilated patients in an African intensive care setting: An observational multicenter study . Critical Care Research and Practice. 2015.

Kizito, Samuel, Mukunya, David, Orach, Tonny, Ndagire, Regina, Tumwakire, Emily, Rukundo, Godfrey Zari, Mupere, Ezekiel, Kiguli, Sarah(2014). Knowledge of integrated management of childhood illnesses community and family practices (C-IMCI) and association with child undernutrition in Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study . BMC public health.

(2014). Knowledge of integrated management of childhood illnesses community and family practices (C-IMCI) and association with child undernutrition in Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study . BMC PUBLIC HEALTH.

Mukunya D, Kizito S, Orach T, Ndagire R, Tumwakire E, Rukundo GZ, Mupere E, Kiguli S, BMC public health, 2014, vol. 14, pp. 976 .

Mukunya, D., Kizito, S., Orach, T., Ndagire, R., Tumwakire, E., Rukundo, G.Z., Mupere, E., Kiguli, S.(2014). Knowledge of integrated management of childhood illnesses community and family practices (C-IMCI) and association with child undernutrition in Northern Uganda: A cross-sectional study . BMC Public Health. 14. (1).

Mukunya, D., Kizito, S., Orach, T., Ndagire, R., Tumwakire, E., Rukundo, G.Z., Mupere, E., Kiguli, S.(2014). Knowledge of integrated management of childhood illnesses community and family practices (C-IMCI) and association with child undernutrition in Northern Uganda: A cross-sectional study . BMC Public Health. 14. (1).

OTHER

Kizito, Samuel, Nansubuga, Phiona, Kavuma Mwanje, Arthur, Obua, Daniel, Sendagire, Cornelius, Kwizera, Arthur(2020). The prevalence, incidence and mortality associated with intra-abdominal hypertension among patients in intensive care units of a low-income country: a cohort study .

Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda @misc{PPR:PPR154155,Title={Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda},Author={Nalwanga, Damalie and Musiime, Victor and Kizito, Samuel and Kiggundu, John Baptist and Batte, Anthony and Musoke, Philippa and Tumwine, James},DOI={10.21203/rs.2.10786/v4},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background: &lt;/h4&gt; Mortality among children under five years of age admitted to malnutrition units in sub-Saharan Africa remains high. The burden of HIV infection, a major risk factor for mortality among patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM), has reduced due to concerted prevention and treatment strategies. None the less, anecdotal reports from the malnutrition unit at Uganda’s National Referral Hospital (NRH) indicate that there is high mortality among patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in routine care. Uganda has recently adopted the revised World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for SAM to improve outcomes. The mortality among children with SAM in routine care has not been recently elucidated. We report the magnitude and factors associated with mortality among children under five years of age admitted to the NRH for routine care of SAM. Methods This was a cohort study of all severely malnourished children admitted to the NRH between June and October 2017. The primary outcome was two-week mortality. Mortality was calculated using simple proportions and Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with time to mortality. Data was entered into Epidata and analysed using Stata v14. &lt;h4&gt;Results:&lt;/h4&gt; Two-hundred-sixty (98.5%) children: 59.6% male; mean age 14.4 (SD 9.4) months, completed two weeks of follow-up. Of these, 25.2% (95% CI 19.9-30.4%) died. In-hospital mortality was 20.7% (95% CI15.9-25.6%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 12.2%. Factors associated with mortality included: positive HIV status (AHR 2.2, (95% CI; 1.2-4.2), p=0.014), bacteraemia (AHR 9 (95% CI 3.4-23.0), p&lt;0.001, and low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), AHR 3.2; (95% CI 1.7-6.3), p=0.001). Conclusions A 25% mortality among children with severe malnutrition remains unacceptably high despite significant reduction in HIV prevalence. Children with SAM who are HIV infected, have eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 or have bacteraemia, are more likely to die. Further studies to explore the relationship between eGFR and mortality among children with SAM are needed. Studies to establish efficacious antibiotics are urgently required to inform treatment guidelines for children with SAM.},Publisher={Research Square},Year={2020},URL={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.10786/v4}} .

Nambooze, Philo, Samuel, Kizito, Kiggundu, John Baptist, Kintu, Andrew, Nabukenya, Mary(2019). Incidence Of Post Dural Puncture Headache And Associated Factors Following Spinal Anaesthesia For Caesarean Delivery In Mulago National Referral Hospital .

Association between CD4 T cell counts and the immune status among adult critically ill HIV-negative patients in intensive care units in Uganda @misc{PPR:PPR66784,Title={Association between CD4 T cell counts and the immune status among adult critically ill HIV-negative patients in intensive care units in Uganda},Author={Kavuma Mwanje, Arthur and Ejoku, Joseph and Ssemogerere, Lameck and Lubulwa, Clare and Namata, Christine and Kwizera, Arthur and Wabule, Agnes and Okello, Erasmus and Kizito, Samuel and Lubikire, Aggrey and Sendagire, Cornelius and Andia Biraro, Irene},DOI={10.12688/aasopenres.12925.1},Abstract={&lt;h4&gt;Background: &lt;/h4&gt; Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells play a central role in regulation of adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. Low CD4 T cell counts are not routinely reported as a marker of immune deficiency among HIV-negative individuals, as is the norm among their HIV positive counterparts. Despite evidence of mortality rates as high as 40% among Ugandan critically ill HIV-negative patients, the use of CD4 T cell counts as a measure of the immune status has never been explored among this population. This study assessed the immune status of adult critically ill HIV-negative patients admitted to Ugandan intensive care units (ICUs) using CD4 T cell count as a surrogate marker. &lt;h4&gt;Methods: &lt;/h4&gt;: A multicentre prospective cohort was conducted between 1 st August 2017 and 1 st March 2018 at four Ugandan ICUs. A total of 130 critically ill HIV negative patients were consecutively enrolled into the study. Data on sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, critical illness scores, CD4 T cell counts were obtained at baseline and mortality at day 28. &lt;h4&gt;Results: &lt;/h4&gt;: The mean age of patients was 45± 18 years (mean±SD) and majority (60.8%) were male. After a 28-day follow up, 71 [54.6%, 95% CI (45.9-63.3)] were found to have CD4 counts less than 500 cells/mm³, which were not found to be significantly associated with mortality at day 28, OR (95%) 1 (0.4–2.4), p = 0.093. CD4 cell count receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) area was 0.5195, comparable to APACHE II ROC area 0.5426 for predicting 24-hour mortality. &lt;h4&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/h4&gt;: CD4 T cell counts were generally low among HIV-negative critically ill patients. Low CD4 T cells did not predict ICU mortality at day 28. CD4 T cell counts were not found to be inferior to APACHE II score in predicting 24 hour ICU mortality.},Publisher={AAS Open Res},Year={2019},URL={https://doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12925.1}} .

Kizito, Samuel, Coker, Eric(2018). A Narrative Review on the Human Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Urgent Need for Health Effects Studies .