The revolution in breast cancer diagnostics: from visual inspection of histopathology slides to using desktop tissue analysers for automated nanomechanical profiling of tumours @article{9f6a8e17b0924eae9848338b680e835e, title = "The revolution in breast cancer diagnostics: from visual inspection of histopathology slides to using desktop tissue analysers for automated nanomechanical profiling of tumours", abstract = "We aim to develop new portable desktop tissue analysers (DTAs) to provide fast, low-cost, and precise test results for fast nanomechanical profiling of tumours. This paper will explain the reasoning for choosing indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM) to reveal the functional details of cancer. Determining the subtype, cancer stage, and prognosis will be possible, which aids in choosing the best treatment. DTAs are based on fast IT-AFM at the size of a small box that can be made for a low budget compared to other clinical imaging tools. The DTAs can work in remote areas and all parts of the world. There are a number of direct benefits: First, it is no longer needed to wait a week for the pathology report as the test will only take 10 min. Second, it avoids the complicated steps of making histopathology slides and saves costs of labour. Third, computers and robots are more consistent, more reliable, and more economical than human workers which may result in fewer diagnostic errors. Fourth, the IT-AFM analysis is capable of distinguishing between various cancer subtypes. Fifth, the IT-AFM analysis could reveal new insights about why immunotherapy fails. Sixth, IT-AFM may provide new insights into the neoadjuvant treatment response. Seventh, the healthcare system saves money by reducing diagnostic backlogs. Eighth, the results are stored on a central server and can be accessed to develop strategies to prevent cancer. To bring the IT-AFM technology from the bench to the operation theatre, a fast IT-AFM sensor needs to be developed and integrated into the DTAs.", keywords = "cancer; biomarker; atomic force microscope; artificial intelligence; mechanobiology; MEMS sensor; IT-AFM", author = "Martin Stolz", year = "2024", month = feb, day = "28", language = "English", volume = "11", journal = "Bioengineering", issn = "2306-5354", publisher = "MDPI", number = "3", }. Bioengineering.

Martin Stolz (2024). The Revolution in Breast Cancer Diagnostics: From Visual Inspection of Histopathology Slides to Using Desktop Tissue Analysers for Automated Nanomechanical Profiling of Tumours . Bioengineering.

Calibration of colloidal probes with atomic force microscopy for micromechanical assessment @article{67f01f07a1ae4debab01b610124d46f8, title = "Calibration of colloidal probes with atomic force microscopy for micromechanical assessment", abstract = "Mechanical assessment of biological materials and tissue-engineered scaffolds is increasingly focusing at lower length scale levels. Amongst other techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has gained popularity as an instrument to interrogate material properties, such as the indentation modulus, at the microscale via cantilever-based indentation tests equipped with colloidal probes. Current analysis approaches of the indentation modulus from such tests require the size and shape of the colloidal probe as well as the spring constant of the cantilever. To make this technique reproducible, there still exist the challenge of proper calibration and validation of such mechanical assessment. Here, we present a method to (a) fabricate and characterize cantilevers with colloidal probes and (b) provide a guide for estimating the spring constant and the sphere diameter that should be used for a given sample to achieve the highest possible measurement sensitivity. We validated our method by testing agarose samples with indentation moduli ranging over three orders of magnitude via AFM and compared these results with bulk compression tests. Our results show that quantitative measurements of indentation modulus is achieved over three orders of magnitude ranging from 1 kPa to 1000 kPa via AFM cantilever-based microindentation experiments. Therefore, our approach could be used for quantitative micromechanical measurements without the need to perform further validation via bulk compression experiments.", keywords = "Atomic force microscopy, Biological tissues, Colloidal probes, Indentation, Microscale, Soft matter", author = "Lukas Kain and Andriotis, \{Orestis G.\} and Peter Gruber and Martin Frank and Marica Markovic and David Grech and Vedran Nedelkovski and Martin Stolz and Aleksandr Ovsianikov and Thurner, \{Philipp J.\}", year = "2018", month = sep, day = "1", doi = "10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.026", language = "English", volume = "85", pages = "225--236", journal = "Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials", issn = "1751-6161", publisher = "Elsevier Ltd.", } . Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials.

Comparison of metal-on-metal hip simulator wear measured by gravimetric, CMM and optical profiling methods @article{e0c449083aae4733a3dd8bcd0de248c1, title = "Comparison of metal-on-metal hip simulator wear measured by gravimetric, CMM and optical profiling methods", abstract = "Simulation of wear in artificial joint implants is critical for evaluating implant designs and materials. Traditional protocols employ the gravimetric method to determine the loss of material by measuring the weight of the implant components before and after various test intervals and after the completed test. However, the gravimetric method cannot identify the location, area coverage or maximum depth of the wear and it has difficulties with proportionally small weight changes in relatively heavy implants. In this study, we compare the gravimetric method with two geometric surface methods; an optical light method (RedLux) and a coordinate measuring method (CMM). We tested ten Adept hips in a simulator for 2 million cycles (MC). Gravimetric and optical methods were performed at 0.33, 0.66, 1.00, 1.33 and 2 MC. CMM measurements were done before and after the test. A high correlation was found between the gravimetric and optical methods for both heads (R 2  =  0.997) and for cups (R 2  =  0.96). Both geometric methods (optical and CMM) measured more volume loss than the gravimetric method (for the heads, p  =  0.004 (optical) and p  =  0.08 (CMM); for the cups p  =  0.01 (optical) and p  =  0.003 (CMM)). Two cups recorded negative wear at 2 MC by the gravimetric method but none did by either the optical method or by CMM. The geometric methods were prone to confounding factors such as surface deformation and the gravimetric method could be confounded by protein absorption and backside wear. Both of the geometric methods were able to show the location, area covered and depth of the wear on the bearing surfaces, and track their changes during the test run; providing significant advantages to solely using the gravimetric method.", author = "Alberts, \{L. Russell\} and Vanesa Martinez-nogues and \{Baker Cook\}, Richard and Christian Maul and Paul Bills and R. Racasan and Martin Stolz and Wood, \{Robert J.K.\}", year = "2018", month = jan, day = "29", doi = "10.1088/2051-672X/aaa518", language = "English", volume = "6", journal = "Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties", issn = "2051-672X", publisher = "IOP Publishing", number = "1", } . Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties.

Supramolecular organization of collagen fibrils in healthy and osteoarthritic human knee and hip joint cartilage @article{9bd898de7735489a8070502f45aa64b4, title = "Supramolecular organization of collagen fibrils in healthy and osteoarthritic human knee and hip joint cartilage: Supramolecular Structure and Assembly of Collagen Fibrils ", abstract = "Cartilage matrix is a composite of discrete, but interacting suprastructures, i.e. cartilage fibers with microfibrillar or network-like aggregates and penetrating extrafibrillar proteoglycan matrix. The biomechanical function of the proteoglycan matrix and the collagen fibers are to absorb compressive and tensional loads, respectively. Here, we are focusing on the suprastructural organization of collagen fibrils and the degradation process of their hierarchical organized fiber architecture studied at high resolution at the authentic location within cartilage. We present electron micrographs of the collagenous cores of such fibers obtained by an improved protocol for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Articular cartilages are permeated by small prototypic fibrils with a homogeneous diameter of 18 ± 5 nm that can align in their D-periodic pattern and merge into larger fibers by lateral association. Interestingly, these fibers have tissue-specific organizations in cartilage. They are twisted ropes in superficial regions of knee joints or assemble into parallel aligned cable-like structures in deeper regions of knee joint- or throughout hip joints articular cartilage. These novel observations contribute to an improved understanding of collagen fiber biogenesis, function, and homeostasis in hyaline cartilage.", author = "Martin Stolz", year = "2016", month = oct, day = "25", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0163552", language = "English", volume = "11", journal = "PLoS ONE", issn = "1932-6203", publisher = "PLOS", number = "10", } . PLoS ONE.

Nanofibrous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) scaffolds provide a functional microenvironment for cartilage repair @article{95ec033192d9419d935171fb2321401d, title = "Nanofibrous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) scaffolds provide a functional microenvironment for cartilage repair", abstract = "Articular cartilage defects, when repaired ineffectively, often lead to further deterioration of the tissue, secondary osteoarthritis and, ultimately, joint replacement. Unfortunately, current surgical procedures are unable to restore normal cartilage function. Tissue engineering of cartilage provides promising strategies for the regeneration of damaged articular cartilage. As yet, there are still significant challenges that need to be overcome to match the long-term mechanical stability and durability of native cartilage. Using electrospinning of different blends of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), we produced polymer scaffolds and optimised their structure, stiffness, degradation rates and biocompatibility. Scaffolds with a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) ratio of 1:0.25 exhibit randomly oriented fibres that closely mimic the collagen fibrillar meshwork of native cartilage and match the stiffness of native articular cartilage. Degradation of the scaffolds into products that could be easily removed from the body was indicated by changes in fibre structure, loss of molecular weight and a decrease in scaffold stiffness after one and four months. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis after three weeks of culture with human articular chondrocytes revealed a hyaline-like cartilage matrix. The ability to fine tune the ultrastructure and mechanical properties using different blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) allows to produce a cartilage repair kit for clinical use to reduce the risk of developing secondary osteoarthritis. We further suggest the development of a toolbox with tailor-made scaffolds for the repair of other tissues that require a {\textquoteleft}guiding{\textquoteright} structure to support the body{\textquoteright}s self-healing process.", keywords = "Articular cartilage, tissue engineering, polyhydroxyalkanoates, electrospinning, atomic force microscopy, mechanical testing, osteoarthritis, biodegradable scaffolds", author = "Kuan Ching and Orestis Andriotis and Siwei Li and Pooja Basnett and Bo Su and Ipsita Roy and Rahul Tare and Bram Sengers and Martin Stolz", year = "2016", month = mar, day = "23", doi = "10.1177/0885328216639749", language = "English", volume = "31", pages = "77--91", journal = "Journal of Biomaterials Applications", issn = "0885-3282", publisher = "SAGE Publications", number = "1", } . Journal of Biomaterials Applications.

Highly linear and large spring deflection characteristics of a Quasi-Concertina MEMS device @article{e08514188a274c648b44b3d8d74c3483, title = "Highly linear and large spring deflection characteristics of a Quasi-Concertina MEMS device", abstract = "In this work a Quasi-Concertina (QC) spring capable of a high linear range, large deflections, high out-of-plane compliance, and low in-plane compliance for MEMS applications is presented. These features are essential for high accuracy out-of-plane measurements such as those required in self-sensing nanoindentation atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes or molecular mass sensors. The spring constant and first mode resonant frequency of the spring was determined analytically and verified numerically. The QC springs were microfabricated using a purposely developed stiction free process. Force–displacement tests on the QC springs have shown them to be in good agreement with the analytical and finite element analysis performed. The measurement results show that the QC springs fabricated have an out-of-plane spring constant of 5.5 N/m, 0.129 N/m, and 0.156 N/m, remain 99\% linear to a deflection of 100 ?m, 1080 ?m, and 931 ?m respectively, and can have a total deflection before fracture of as much as 8000 ?m.", keywords = "MEMS, spring, flexure, AFM, force–displacement, quasi-concertina", author = "David Grech and Kiang, \{Kian S.\} and Jurgita Zekonyte and Martin Stolz and Wood, \{Robert J.K.\} and Chong, \{Harold M.H.\}", year = "2014", month = may, day = "1", doi = "10.1016/j.mee.2014.02.016", language = "English", volume = "119", pages = "75--78", journal = "Microelectronic Engineering", issn = "0167-9317", publisher = "Elsevier BV", } . Microelectronic Engineering.

Novel Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends for medical applications @article{1e1fca79982843d2b15a0d458fb0f2da, title = "Novel Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends for medical applications", abstract = "Novel Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) blends were developed with varying amounts of Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), P(3HO) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB) for their potential use in various medical applications. These blend films exhibited higher tensile strength and Young{\textquoteright}s modulus values compared to neat P(3HO). The overall protein adsorption and \% cell viability was also found to be significantly higher in the blend films than the neat P(3HO) film. Hydrolytic degradation was faster in the blend films and the degradation rate could potentially be tailored to achieve the optimum rate required for a particular medical application. Hence, these novel blends were found to be highly biocompatible with surface, mechanical and thermal properties suitable for a range of potential medical applications, a great step forward in the area of medical materials.", author = "Martin Stolz", year = "2013", month = apr, day = "2", language = "English", pages = "1340 -- 1348", journal = "Reactive and Functional Polymers", issn = "1381-5148", publisher = "Elsevier BV", }. Reactive and Functional Polymers.

Sliding motion modulates stiffness and friction coefficient at the surface of tissue engineered cartilage @article{9db3e9da0c6c42d5b571026c0c7e8231, title = "Sliding motion modulates stiffness and friction coefficient at the surface of tissue engineered cartilage", abstract = "Objective: functional cartilage tissue engineering aims to generate grafts with a functional surface, similar to that of authentic cartilage. Bioreactors that stimulate cell-scaffold constructs by simulating natural joint movements hold great potential to generate cartilage with adequate surface properties. In this study two methods based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) were applied to obtain information about the quality of engineered graft surfaces. For better understanding of the molecule-function relationships, AFM was complemented with immunohistochemistry. Methods: bovine chondrocytes were seeded into polyurethane scaffolds and subjected to dynamic compression, applied by a ceramic ball, for 1 h daily [loading group 1 (LG1)]. In loading group 2 (LG2), the ball additionally oscillated over the scaffold, generating sliding surface motion. After 3 weeks, the surfaces of the engineered constructs were analyzed by friction force and indentation-type AFM (IT-AFM). Results were complemented and compared to immunohistochemical analyses. Results: the loading type significantly influenced the mechanical and histological outcomes. Constructs of LG2 exhibited lowest friction coefficient and highest micro- and nanostiffness. Collagen type II and aggrecan staining were readily observed in all constructs and appeared to reach deeper areas in loaded (LG1, LG2) compared to unloaded scaffolds. Lubricin was specifically detected at the top surface of LG2. Conclusions: this study proposes a quantitative AFM-based functional analysis at the micrometer- and nanometer scale to evaluate the quality of cartilage surfaces. Mechanical testing (load-bearing) combined with friction analysis (gliding) can provide important information. Notably, sliding-type biomechanical stimuli may favor (re-)generation and maintenance of functional articular surfaces and support the development of mechanically competent engineered cartilage.", keywords = "articular cartilage, functional tissue engineering, atomic force microscopy, stiffness, friction, lubricin", author = "Sibylle Grad and Marko Loparic and Robert Peter and Martin Stolz and Ueli Aebi and Mauro Alini", year = "2012", month = apr, doi = "10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.010", language = "English", volume = "20", pages = "288--295", journal = "Osteoarthritis and Cartilage", issn = "1063-4584", publisher = "W.B. Saunders", number = "4", } . Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.

Towards monitoring transport of single cargos across individual nuclear pore complexes by time-lapse atomic force microscopy @article{0ae511a9b085495885b896c3b9703181, title = "Towards monitoring transport of single cargos across individual nuclear pore complexes by time-lapse atomic force microscopy", abstract = "A new preparation procedure was developed for the stable adsorption of either the cytoplasmic or the nuclear face of native (i.e. in physiological buffer without detergent extraction and in the absence of chemical fixatives) Xenopus oocyte nuclear envelopes (NEs) onto silicon (Si) surfaces. This yields optimal structural preservation of the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) without compromising their functional properties. The functional viability of thus prepared NPCs was documented by time-lapse atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the reversible calcium-mediated opening (i.e. +Ca2+) and closing (i.e. –Ca2+) of the iris diaphragm-like distal ring topping the NPCs{\textquoteright} nuclear baskets. Moreover, site-specific single colloidal gold particle detection was documented by AFM imaging one and the same NPC before and after immuno-gold labeling the sample with a nucleoporin-specific antibody. With this new preparation protocol at hand, we should eventually be able to follow by time-lapse AFM transport of single gold-conjugated cargos across individual NPCs.", keywords = "nanobiology, cellular nanomachine, nuclear pore complex (npc), nucleoporin, nucleocytoplasmic transport, time-lapse afm, immuno-gold labeling", author = "Ning-Ping Huang and Mike Stubenrunch and Joachim Koser and Patric Strasser and Nicole Taschner and Ueli Aebi and Martin Stolz", note = "The National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS)", year = "2010", month = aug, doi = "10.1016/j.jsb.2010.04.004", language = "English", volume = "171", pages = "154--162", journal = "Journal of Structural Biology", issn = "1047-8477", publisher = "Academic Press Inc.", number = "2", } . Journal of Structural Biology.

Micro- and nanomechanical analysis of articular cartilage by indentation-type atomic force microscopy: validation with a gel-microfiber composite microscopy @article{b29a7c36fa9d4b8b8427d0d338ba022e, title = "Micro- and nanomechanical analysis of articular cartilage by indentation-type atomic force microscopy: validation with a gel-microfiber composite microscopy", abstract = "As documented previously, articular cartilage exhibits a scale-dependent dynamic stiffness when probed by indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM). In this study, a micrometer-size spherical tip revealed an unimodal stiffness distribution (which we refer to as microstiffness), whereas probing articular cartilage with a nanometer-size pyramidal tip resulted in a bimodal nanostiffness distribution. We concluded that indentation of the cartilage's soft proteoglycan (PG) gel gave rise to the lower nanostiffness peak, whereas deformation of its collagen fibrils yielded the higher nanostiffness peak. To test our hypothesis, we produced a gel-microfiber composite consisting of a chondroitin sulfate-containing agarose gel and a fibrillar poly(ethylene glycol)-terephthalate/poly(butylene)-terephthalate block copolymer. In striking analogy to articular cartilage, the microstiffness distribution of the synthetic composite was unimodal, whereas its nanostiffness exhibited a bimodal distribution. Also, similar to the case with cartilage, addition of the negatively charged chondroitin sulfate rendered the gel-microfiber composite's water content responsive to salt. When the ionic strength of the surrounding buffer solution increased from 0.15 to 2 M NaCl, the cartilage's microstiffness increased by 21\%, whereas that of the synthetic biomaterial went up by 31\%. When the nanostiffness was measured after the ionic strength was raised by the same amount, the cartilage's lower peak increased by 28\%, whereas that of the synthetic biomaterial went up by 34\%. Of interest, the higher peak values remained unchanged for both materials. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the nanoscale lower peak is a measure of the soft PG gel, and the nanoscale higher peak measures collagen fibril stiffness. In contrast, the micrometer-scale measurements fail to resolve separate stiffness values for the PG and collagen fibril moieties. Therefore, we propose to use nanostiffness as a new biomarker to analyze structure-function relationships in normal, diseased, and engineered cartilage.", author = "Marko Loparic and Dieter Wirz and A.U. Daniels and Roberto Raiteri and VanLandingham, \{Mark R.\} and Geraldine Guex and Ivan Martin and Ueli Aebi and Martin Stolz", year = "2010", month = jun, day = "2", doi = "10.1016/j.bpj.2010.02.013", language = "English", volume = "98", pages = "2731--2740", journal = "Biophysical Journal", issn = "0006-3495", publisher = "Elsevier Inc.", number = "11", } . Biophysical Journal.

Early detection of osteoarthritis and articular cartilage aging in mice and patient biopsies using atomic force microscopy @article{2f3b82030c2f43178e02ec5585a99120, title = "Early detection of osteoarthritis and articular cartilage aging in mice and patient biopsies using atomic force microscopy", abstract = "The pathological changes in osteoarthritis—a degenerative joint disease prevalent among older people—start at the molecular scale and spread to the higher levels of the architecture of articular cartilage to cause progressive and irreversible structural and functional damage. At present, there are no treatments to cure or attenuate the degradation of cartilage. Early detection and the ability to monitor the progression of osteoarthritis are therefore important for developing effective therapies. Here, we show that indentation-type atomic force microscopy can monitor age-related morphological and biomechanical changes in the hips of normal and osteoarthritic mice. Early damage in the cartilage of osteoarthritic patients undergoing hip or knee replacements could similarly be detected using this method. Changes due to aging and osteoarthritis are clearly depicted at the nanometre scale well before morphological changes can be observed using current diagnostic methods. Indentation-type atomic force microscopy may potentially be developed into a minimally invasive arthroscopic tool to diagnose the early onset of osteoarthritis in situ", author = "Martin Stolz and Riccardo Gottardi and Roberto Raiteri and Sylvie Miot and Ivan Martin and Raphael Imer and Urs Staufer and Aurelia Raducanu and Marcel Duggelin and Werner Baschong and A.U. Daniels and Friederich, \{Niklaus F.\} and Attila Aszodi and Ueli Aebi", note = "The National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS) ", year = "2009", month = mar, doi = "10.1038/nnano.2008.410", language = "English", volume = "4", pages = "186--192", journal = "Nature Nanotechnology", issn = "1748-3387", publisher = "Nature Research", } . Nature Nanotechnology.

Highly linear and large spring deflection characteristics of a Quasi-Concertina MEMS device @conference{a4c2f3fe52b449da94dc3abfc2004e9d, title = "Highly linear and large spring deflection characteristics of a Quasi-Concertina MEMS device", author = "David Grech and KIANG, \{Kian Shen\} and Jurgita Zekonyte and Martin Stolz and Robert Woods and Chong, \{Harold M.H.\}", year = "2013", month = sep, day = "16", language = "English", note = "39th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering ; Conference date: 16-09-2013 Through 19-09-2013", }. 39th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering, London, United Kingdom, 16/09/13.

Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy @conference{0f79f5341e8c4f9684c522b8132e6909, title = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", keywords = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", author = "Martin Stolz", note = "The National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS) ; Bioengineering 09 ; Conference date: 24-09-2009 Through 25-09-2009", year = "2009", month = sep, language = "English", }. Bioengineering 09, 24/09/09.

Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy @conference{37dd2f0642bc4f869dae7d28f52e428f, title = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", keywords = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", author = "Martin Stolz", note = "The National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS); Sal. Oppenheim European Healthcare Investors Conference ; Conference date: 31-08-2009 Through 31-08-2009", year = "2009", month = aug, day = "31", language = "English", }. Sal. Oppenheim European Healthcare Investors Conference, 31/08/09.

Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy @conference{be5abd71fe4142d8b35af9c6c58b3e7c, title = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", keywords = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", author = "Martin Stolz", note = "The National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS); Seeing at the Nanoscale VII ; Conference date: 28-07-2009 Through 31-07-2009", year = "2009", month = jul, language = "English", }. Seeing at the Nanoscale VII, 28/07/09.

Early detection of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis in mice and patient samples using atomic force microscopy @conference{173fda63480a4828a9190d6e09dc1ac7, title = "Early detection of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis in mice and patient samples using atomic force microscopy", keywords = "Towards the early detection of osteoarthritis by indentation-type atomic force microscopy", author = "Martin Stolz", note = "The National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS); Gordon Research Conference on Cartilage Biology and Pathology ; Conference date: 12-06-2009", year = "2009", month = jun, day = "12", language = "English", }. Gordon Research Conference on Cartilage Biology and Pathology, 12/06/09.