{"id":8396,"date":"2020-10-15T12:45:56","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T12:45:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/?p=8396"},"modified":"2023-04-11T09:24:57","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T09:24:57","slug":"how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Write the Results Section of a Research Paper"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_45_1 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" area-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-69f2da32c3609\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-69f2da32c3609\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/#The_Results_Section_Goals_and_Structure\" title=\"The Results Section: Goals and Structure\">The Results Section: Goals and Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/#How_to_Write_the_Results_Section_of_a_Research_Paper_Tips\" title=\"How to Write the Results Section of a Research Paper: Tips\">How to Write the Results Section of a Research Paper: Tips<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/#The_Style_of_the_Results_Section\" title=\"The Style of the Results Section\">The Style of the Results Section<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/#Get_a_Second_And_Even_Third_Opinion\" title=\"Get a Second (And Even Third) Opinion\">Get a Second (And Even Third) Opinion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/#Common_Errors_to_Avoid_While_Writing_the_Results_Section\" title=\"Common Errors to Avoid While Writing the Results Section\">Common Errors to Avoid While Writing the Results Section<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><em>Laura Moro-Martin, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/services\/scientific-writing\/?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Post&amp;utm_campaign=HowToWriteResults\">freelance scientific writer<\/a> on Kolabtree, provides expert tips on how to write the results section of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/find-an-expert\/subject\/research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research paper<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You have prepared a detailed \u2212but concise\u2212<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-methods-section-of-your-research-paper\/\"> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methods<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Now it is time to write the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/ensuring-reproducibility-in-ai-driven-research-how-freelance-experts-can-help-in-biotech-and-healthcare\/\">research<\/a> article. This part of the paper reports the findings of the experiments that you conducted to answer the research question(s). The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be considered the nucleus of a scientific article because they justify your claims, so you need to ensure that they are clear and understandable. You are telling a story \u2212of course, a scientific story\u2212 and you want the readers to picture that same story in their minds. Let&#8217;s see how to avoid that your message ends up as in the &#8216;telephone game&#8217;.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Results_Section_Goals_and_Structure\"><\/span>The Results Section: Goals and Structure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the discipline, journal, and the nature of the study, the structure of the article can differ. We will focus on articles were the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">appear in two separate sections, but it is possible in some cases to combine them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section, you provide an overall description of the experiments and present the data that you obtained in a logical order, using tables and graphs as necessary. The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section should simply state your findings without bias or interpretation. For example, in your analysis, you may have noticed a significant correlation between two variables never described before. It is correct to explain this in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section. However, speculation about the reasons for this correlation should go in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section of your paper.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In general, the<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section includes the following elements:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A very short introductory context that repeats the research question and helps to understand your results.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Report on data collection, recruitment, and\/or participants. For example, in the case of clinical research, it is common to include a first table summarizing the demographic, clinical, and other relevant characteristics of the study participants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A systematic description of the main findings in a logical order (generally following the order of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methods <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section), highlighting the most relevant results.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other important secondary findings, such as secondary outcomes or subgroup analyses (remember that you do not need to mention any single result).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visual elements, such as, figures, charts, maps, tables, etc. that summarize and illustrate the findings. These elements should be cited in the text and numbered in order. Figures and tables should be able to stand on its own without the text, which means that the legend should include enough information to understand the non-textual element.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Write_the_Results_Section_of_a_Research_Paper_Tips\"><\/span>How to Write the Results Section of a Research Paper: Tips<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first tip \u2212applicable to other sections of the paper too\u2212 is to check and apply the requirements of the journal to which you are submitting your work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section, you need to write concisely and objectively, leaving interpretation for the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section. As always, &#8216;learning from others&#8217; can help you. Select a few papers from your field, including some published in your target journal, which you consider &#8216;good quality&#8217; and well written. Read them carefully and observe how the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section is structured, the type and amount of information provided, and how the findings are exposed in a logical order. Keep an eye on visual elements, such as figures, tables, and supplementary materials. Understand what works well in those papers to effectively convey their findings, and apply it to your writing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section needs to describe the sequence of what you did and found, the frequency of occurrence of a particular event or result, the quantities of your observations, and the causality (i.e. the relationships or connections) between the events that you observed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To organize the results, you can try to provide them alongside the research questions. In practice, this means that you will organize this section based on the sequence of tables and figures summarizing the results of your statistical analysis. In this way, it will be easier for readers to look at and understand your findings. You need to report your statistical findings, without describing every step of your statistical analysis. Tables and figures generally report summary-level data (for example, means and standard deviations), rather than all the raw data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following, you can prepare the summary text to support those visual elements. You need not only to present but also to explain your findings, showing how they help to address the research question(s) and how they align with the objectives that you presented in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduction<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Keep in mind that results do not speak for themselves, so if you do not describe them in words, the reader may perceive the findings differently from you. Build coherence along this section using goal statements and explicit reasoning (guide the reader through your reasoning, including sentences of this type: &#8216;In order to&#8230;, we performed&#8230;.&#8217;; &#8216;In view of this result, we \u2026.&#8217;, etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In summary, the general steps for writing the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section of a research article are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the guidelines of your target journal and read articles that it has published in similar topics to your study.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Catalogue your findings in relation to the journal requirements, and design figures and tables to organize your data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Write the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section following the order of figures and tables.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edit and revise your draft and seek additional input from colleagues or experts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Style_of_the_Results_Section\"><\/span>The Style of the Results Section<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8216;If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor&#8217;, Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann said. Although the scope of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section \u2212and of scientific papers in general\u2212 is eminently functional, this does not mean that you cannot write <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">well.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Try to improve the rhythm to move the reader along, use transitions and connectors between different sections and paragraphs, and dedicate time to revise your writing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section should be written in the past tense. Although writing in the passive voice may be tempting, the use of the active voice makes the action much more visualizable. The passive voice weakens the power of language and increases the number of words needed to say the same thing, so we recommend using the active voice as much as possible. Another tip to make your language visualizable and reduce sentence length is the use of<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/creaducate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tipsheet36_visualizable-lang-tip-sheet.pdf\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">verbal phrases<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> instead of long nouns. For example, instead of writing &#8216;As shown in Table 1, there was a significant increase in gene expression&#8217;, you can say &#8216;As shown in Table 1, gene expression increased significantly&#8217;.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Get_a_Second_And_Even_Third_Opinion\"><\/span>Get a Second (And Even Third) Opinion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Writing a scientific article is not an individual work. Take advantage of your co-authors by making them check the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section and adding their comments and suggestions. Not only that, but an external opinion will help you to identify misinterpretations or errors. Ask a colleague that is not directly involved in the work to review your <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and then try to evaluate what your colleague did or did not understand. If needed,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seek additional help from a qualified expert.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Errors_to_Avoid_While_Writing_the_Results_Section\"><\/span>Common Errors to Avoid While Writing the Results Section<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several mistakes frequently occur when you write the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">section of a research paper. Here we have collected a few examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Including raw results and\/or endlessly repetitive data.<\/strong> You do not need to present every single number and calculation, but a summary of the results. If relevant, raw data can be included in supplementary materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Including redundant information.<\/strong> If data are contained in the tables or figures, you do not need to repeat all of them in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section. You will have the opportunity to highlight the most relevant results in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Repeating background information or methods<\/strong>, or introducing several sentences of introductory information (if you feel that more background information is necessary to present a result, consider inserting that information in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduction<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><i>Results<\/i> and <i>Methods<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong> do not match<\/strong>. You need to explain the methodology used to obtain all the experimental observations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Ignoring negative results<\/strong> or results that do not support the conclusions. In addition to posing potential ethical concerns on your work, reviewers will not like it. You need to mention all relevant findings, even if they failed to support your predictions or hypotheses. Negative results are useful and will guide future studies on the topic. Provide your interpretation for negative results in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Discussing or interpreting the results<\/strong>. Leave that for the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, unless your target journal allows preparing one section combining <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Errors in figures\/tables are varied and common<\/strong>. Examples of errors include using an excessive number of figures\/tables (it is a good idea to select the most relevant ones and move the rest to supplementary materials), very complex figures\/tables (hard-to-read figures with many subfigures or enormous tables may confuse your readers; think how these elements will be visualized in the final format of the article), difficult to interpret figures\/tables (cryptic abbreviations; inadequate use of colors, axis, scales, symbols, etc.), and figures\/tables that are not self-standing (figures\/tables require a caption, all abbreviations used need to be explained in the legend or a footnote, and statistical tests applied are frequently reported). Do not include tables and figures that are not mentioned in the body text of your <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In summary, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> section is the nucleus of your paper that justifies your claims. Take time to adequately organize it and prepare understandable figures and tables to convey your message to the reader. Good writing!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Sources:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper.<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/abacus.bates.edu\/~ganderso\/biology\/resources\/writing\/HTWsections.html#methods\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/abacus.bates.edu\/~ganderso\/biology\/resources\/writing\/HTWsections.html &#8211; methods<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (accessed on 30th September 2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organizing Academic Research Papers: 7. The Results.<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/library.sacredheart.edu\/c.php?g=29803&amp;p=185931\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/library.sacredheart.edu\/c.php?g=29803&amp;p=185931<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (accessed on 30th September 2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kendra Cherry. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to Write an APA Results Section.<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-write-a-results-section-2795727\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/how-to-write-a-results-section-2795727<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (accessed on 30th September 2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chapin Rodr\u00edguez. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empowering your scientific language by making it &#8220;visualizable&#8221;.<\/span><\/i><a href=\"http:\/\/creaducate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tipsheet36_visualizable-lang-tip-sheet.pdf\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/creaducate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tipsheet36_visualizable-lang-tip-sheet.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (accessed on 1st October 2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IMRaD Results Discussion.<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcenter.gmu.edu\/guides\/imrad-results-discussion\"> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/writingcenter.gmu.edu\/guides\/imrad-results-discussion<\/span><\/i><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(accessed on 1st October 2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Writing the Results Section for a Research Paper.<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.com\/writing-the-results-section-for-a-research-paper\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/wordvice.com\/writing-the-results-section-for-a-research-paper\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (accessed on 1st October 2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott L. Montgomery. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Chapter 9.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second edition, The University of Chicago Press, 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hilary Glasman-Deal<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Science Research Writing for Non-Native Speakers of English, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unit 2<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imperial College Press, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laura Moro-Martin, freelance scientific writer on Kolabtree, provides expert tips on how to write the results section of a research paper.\u00a0 You have prepared a detailed \u2212but concise\u2212 Methods section. Now it is time to write the Results of your research article. This part of the paper reports the findings of the experiments that you<\/p>\n<div class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/how-to-write-the-results-section-of-a-research-paper\/\" title=\"Read More\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8407,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[435,147],"tags":[741,742,148],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.1 (Yoast SEO v20.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to Write the Results Section of a Research Paper<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An expert guide on how to write the results section of a research paper, including tips on best practices and common mistakes to avoid.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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