{"id":7518,"date":"2020-05-13T14:27:52","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T14:27:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/?p=7518"},"modified":"2021-08-19T17:33:44","modified_gmt":"2021-08-19T17:33:44","slug":"inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/","title":{"rendered":"Inside the Novel COVID-19 Vaccine Trial at the University of Oxford"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_45_1 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" area-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-69f4268d8069a\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-69f4268d8069a\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#What_is_the_basic_design_of_the_ChAdOx1_nCoV-19_candidate_vaccine_trial\" title=\"What is the basic design of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 candidate vaccine trial?\">What is the basic design of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 candidate vaccine trial?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#Why_is_the_MenACWY_vaccine_being_used_as_a_control\" title=\"Why is the MenACWY vaccine being used as a control?\">Why is the MenACWY vaccine being used as a control?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#What_are_the_primary_and_secondary_outcome_measures_of_the_trial\" title=\"What are the primary and secondary outcome measures of the trial?\">What are the primary and secondary outcome measures of the trial?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#What_ChAdOx_vaccines_have_been_used_in_clinical_trials_Where_do_they_stand\" title=\"What ChAdOx vaccines have been used in clinical trials? Where do they stand?\">What ChAdOx vaccines have been used in clinical trials? Where do they stand?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#Any_other_examples_of_adenoviral_vector_vaccines\" title=\"Any other examples of adenoviral vector vaccines?\">Any other examples of adenoviral vector vaccines?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#How_will_the_adverse_events_be_clinically_monitored\" title=\"How will the adverse events be clinically monitored?\">How will the adverse events be clinically monitored?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#Funding_received_from_for-profit_or_non-profit_organizations\" title=\"Funding received from for-profit or non-profit organizations\">Funding received from for-profit or non-profit organizations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/#Possible_timeline_of_the_vaccines_availability\" title=\"Possible timeline of the vaccine&#8217;s availability\">Possible timeline of the vaccine&#8217;s availability<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Mahasweta Pal, freelance medical writer at Kolabtree, provides insights into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/find-an-expert\/subject\/covid-19?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Post&amp;utm_campaign=ChAdOx1\">COVID-19 <\/a>vaccine trial at the University of Oxford.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Update 22\/05\/2020: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news\/2020-05-22-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-begin-phase-iiiii-human-trials\">Oxford COVID-19 vaccine to begin phase II\/III human trials<\/a><br \/>\nUpdate 30\/12\/2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved\">Oxford University\/AstraZeneca COVID-19 approved<\/a><br \/>\nUpdate 04\/08\/2021: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-58077396\">Barbie of Oxford Covid vaccine designer Dame Sarah Gilbert created<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>2020 ushered in an eerie global downturn with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/covid-19-coronavirus-research-and-vaccine-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COVID-19 pandemic<\/a>, causing mass disruption among healthcare systems worldwide. Meanwhile, scientists in the United States and Europe jumped into the race to develop and launch vaccines against the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/covid-19-small-does-it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pandemic<\/a> SARS-CoV-2 infection with the shortest timelines. Stalwarts in immunology, virology, vaccinology, epidemiology, and public health have been contemplating the massive changes required in vaccine production and development strategies, owing to the current emergent need. One of the first to raise hopes while fighting this challenge was the University of Oxford, which has initiated phase I testing of its ChAdOx1 nCoV19 vaccine on April 21st, 2020.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ChAdOx1 nCoV19 vaccine has been developed with the Spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 added to the ChAdOx1 construct, which is a weakened version of a common cold-causing virus isolated from chimpanzees. There are quite many reasons why this trial holds promise, starting with its enrollment of healthy volunteers (who have not tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 infection). Professor Sarah Gilbert and her team at the Jenner Institute have worked on previous viral diseases, including MERS-CoV and Ebola, and implemented their adenoviral vector delivery technology. In a statement to<em> The Times<\/em>, she said that she was 80% confident that the vaccine would work.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professor Sarah Gilbert and her team at the University of Oxford&#8217;s Jenner Institute had started working on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(20)30796-0\/fulltext\">in the early days of 2020<\/a> when just a few cases in Wuhan had been reported. This team has developed vaccines against MERS and Ebola virus in the past and has been readying itself up to respond to the crisis much <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-who\/world-leaders-due-to-launch-covid-19-drugs-vaccine-plan-who-idUSKCN2261M7\">before the global death toll crossed 200,000<\/a>. With the announcement of this trial\u2019s first patients receiving their vaccine doses, a silver lining seems visible. Therefore, here are a few clarifications regarding the design and other significant attributes of the trial.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_basic_design_of_the_ChAdOx1_nCoV-19_candidate_vaccine_trial\"><\/span><b>What is the basic design of the <\/b>ChAdOx1 nCoV-19<b> candidate vaccine trial?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine trial is a blinded, randomized, controlled trial with the MenACWY vaccine used as the control. The first two patients were each administered one of two vaccines. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study is currently recruiting participants only from four cities, namely Oxford, Southampton, London, and Bristol. The two randomized arms include 7 groups who will receive single or standard single doses of either 5&#215;10^10vp ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MenACWY vaccine on week 0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which would be followed with a 2.5&#215;10^10vp ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose at week 4 (in one of the experimental groups).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_the_MenACWY_vaccine_being_used_as_a_control\"><\/span>Why is the MenACWY vaccine being used as a control?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This study is using the MenACWY vaccine as an \u2018active control\u2019 vaccine, to help investigators understand the participants\u2019 response to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The MenACWY vaccine is a licensed vaccine against group A, C, W and Y meningococcal bacteria that is administered routinely to teenagers in the UK for protecting against the most common causes of meningitis and sepsis and is administered as a travel vaccine for high-risk countries. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reason for using this vaccine instead of a saline control is \u201c<\/span><b>because we expect to see some minor side effects from the ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine such as a sore arm, headache, and fever. Saline does not cause any of these side effects. If participants were to receive only this vaccine or the saline control and went on to develop side effects, they would be aware that they had received the new vaccine.\u201d <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is part of the blinding process to ensure that participants receiving any of the two vaccines would not show differences in their health behavior in the community following vaccination, which further helps to prevent any bias in the study results.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professor Sarah Gilbert, the principal investigator for this registration trial also highlighted that the trial\u2019s inclusion criteria will also enable understanding the number of carriers present in the trial since it is enrolling patients who have not been tested before, so it would provide a better understanding of the varying levels of the immunity after receiving the vaccine.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_primary_and_secondary_outcome_measures_of_the_trial\"><\/span>What are the primary and secondary outcome measures of the trial?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main focus of the study is to investigate its action against COVID-19, and confirm that it won\u2019t cause unacceptable side effects, and check if it induces reasonably remarkable immune responses. Essentially, the principal investigators will be checking the number of virologically confirmed (PCR positive) symptomatic cases in a period of 6 months and the occurrence of solicited local and systemic adverse symptoms following vaccination. <strong>The investigators will, on the basis of short term results achieved, conduct further outcomes analysis regarding the efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine candidate against severe and non-severe COVID-19 based on hospital admissions, ICU admissions, and disease exacerbation episodes<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this trial, the seroconversion rates will also be monitored over 6 months to evaluate whether participants become seropositive for non-Spike SARS-CoV-2 antigens during the study period and quantify the antibody production rates in the participants. The trial design also includes testing of the cellular and humoral immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 through the virus-neutralizing antibody assays against live and\/or SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_ChAdOx_vaccines_have_been_used_in_clinical_trials_Where_do_they_stand\"><\/span>What ChAdOx vaccines have been used in clinical trials? Where do they stand?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adenoviruses, such as the ChAdOx1 construct, are attractive to be used vaccine carriers and delivery vehicles because they can initiate both innate and adaptive immune responses, and can be used with various antigens, including those of malaria, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32295168\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hepatitis B virus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, hepatitis C virus, and HIV-1. The nCoV19 ChAdOx1 vaccine is the third ChAdOx-based vaccine and its dosages in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04324606\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">current trial<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been decided based on the dosages of previous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00942071\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Influenza<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7172901\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MERS vaccine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trials of 2002-2012. Prof. Gilbert\u2019s work on Influenza has been revolutionary because the vaccine developed by her team is effective against all strains of flu, and induces powerful T-cell responses for long-term and universal protection. The viral vectored vaccine has been administered <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3978791\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in combination with seasonal influenza vaccines<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to induce increased immunogenicity in older adults (aged between 50 and 85 years).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prof. Sarah\u2019s team at the Jenner Institute developed two new simian adenovirus-vectored vaccines (ChAdOx1 and ChAdOx2) and went on to develop viral vectored vaccines against Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (now in the GMP manufacturing stage), Nipah virus, and Lassa fever, both of which are in the preclinical stage; these vaccine development projects are being pursued in collaboration with Janssen Vaccines &amp; Prevention B.V.&amp; Prevention BV, the vaccine development, production, marketing, and distribution arm of Johnson &amp; Johnson. The ChAdOx1 construct has been used even for vaccines even against Chikungunya and Zika viruses, which are under phase I testing currently. Professor Sarah has led all vaccine projects with respect to the in-house GMP manufacturing, production design, construction, quality control, pre-clinical testing, regulatory and ethical applications to Phase I and II clinical trials at the Jenner Institute.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Any_other_examples_of_adenoviral_vector_vaccines\"><\/span>Any other examples of adenoviral vector vaccines?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apart from the ChAdOx1 vector vaccine constructs, the Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector is another non-replicating adenoviral vector that enables increased widespread use among large populations with reasonable, longer-lasting safety profiles (6 months after the initial vaccination). For the MERS-CoV infection, the Jenner Institute <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6841732\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tested candidate vaccines<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> based on the ChAdOx1 and MVA vectors in humans and dromedary camels. In the phase I <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1411627\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ebola virus trial<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on 60 adult volunteers, a single dose of the chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3) boosted with the MVA vector induced 8-fold superior immune responses. An <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3978791\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anti-influenza vaccine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> based on the MNA vector, MVA-NP+M1 expresses a fusion protein of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein 1 (M1) and exhibits T-cell and B-cell immune-boosting effects against conserved influenza antigens and induces augmented humoral immune responses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_will_the_adverse_events_be_clinically_monitored\"><\/span>How will the adverse events be clinically monitored?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participants will be issued an electronic journal \u201cE-diary\u201d to record any symptoms experienced for 7 days after receiving the vaccine. They have also been instructed to record any instances of feeling unwell for the following three weeks. Following vaccination, participants will attend a series of follow-up visits, which will be dedicated to evaluating the participants\u2019 clinical observations, blood sampling, and reviewing the competed E-diary. These blood samples would be used to assess the immune responses developed to the vaccine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If participants develop COVID-19 symptoms during the study, they are requested to contact the clinical trial monitoring team, who will assess them to check for any infection with the virus. If a participant becomes very unwell, immediate attention from the hospital would be necessary to review the volunteer, if appropriate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Funding_received_from_for-profit_or_non-profit_organizations\"><\/span>Funding received from for-profit or non-profit organizations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For its work on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, the University of Oxford has entered an <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news\/2020-04-30-landmark-partnership-announced-development-covid-19-vaccine\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agreement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with AstraZeneca AB, which will take over the large-scale manufacture and potential distribution of the vaccine.\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The University\u2019s Oxford Vaccine Group has also received \u00a320 million to enable taking up the production and distribution costs for the UK.<\/strong> The agreement also entails a not-for-profit basis for the duration of the coronavirus pandemic, which covers only the manufacturing and distribution costs. The University and the spin-out company Vaccitech will jointly have the rights to the technology platform used to develop the vaccine candidate and shall receive no royalties from the vaccine during the pandemic. Any royalties received eventually by the University will be reinvested directly into medical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/ensuring-reproducibility-in-ai-driven-research-how-freelance-experts-can-help-in-biotech-and-healthcare\/\">research<\/a>, including a newly developed Pandemic Preparedness and Vaccine Research Centre in collaboration with AstraZeneca.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Possible_timeline_of_the_vaccines_availability\"><\/span>Possible timeline of the vaccine&#8217;s availability<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"section-paragraph\">As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(20)30796-0\/fulltext\">reported<\/a> in <em>The Lancet<\/em>, Prof. Gilbert is understandably cautious regarding mapping the trial&#8217;s expected timeline, but she hopes that 500 volunteers should be vaccinated by mid-May followed by an extension of the maximum age of trial volunteers from 55 to 70 years, later moving on to the over-70 age group. <strong>Phase 3 expansion is expected to involve 5000 volunteers and<\/strong> <strong>should include comparison on results from the earlier trials in the efficacy follow-up.<\/strong> \u201cThe best-case scenario is that by the autumn of 2020, we have an efficacy result from phase 3 and the ability to manufacture large amounts of the vaccine, but these best-case timeframes are highly ambitious and subject to change\u201d, Gilbert says. \u201cOur ability to determine vaccine efficacy will be affected by the amount of virus transmission in the local population over the summer, and we are also beginning to think about initiating trials with partners in other countries to increase our ability to determine vaccine efficacy\u201d, she says regarding the ChAdOx1 nCoV19 vaccine.<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-paragraph\">Sharing knowledge with parallel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efforts worldwide is crucial. \u201cWHO is in the process of creating a forum for everyone who is developing COVID-19 vaccines to come together and present their plans and initial findings. It is essential that we all measure immunological responses to the various vaccines in the same way, to ensure comparability and generalisability of our collective findings. Work is continuing at a very fast pace, and I am in no doubt that we will see an unprecedented spirit of collaboration and cooperation, convened by WHO, as we move towards a shared global goal of COVID-19 prevention through vaccination\u201d, Gilbert <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(20)30796-0\/fulltext\">says<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div><em>This article was written with resources from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news-and-events\/find-an-expert\/professor-sarah-gilbert\">Professor Sarah Gilbert<\/a> and the Nuffield Department of Medicine.\u00a0<\/em><\/div>\n<div>References:<\/div>\n<div>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"article-header__title\">Sarah Gilbert: carving a path towards a COVID-19 vaccine. <em>Perspectives, The Lancet.<\/em> <strong>395 (10232)<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"article-header__pages faded\">P1247,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"article-header__date faded\">APRIL 18, 2020.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Lancet Infect Dis.\u00a02020 Apr 20. pii: S1473-3099(20)30160-2. doi: 10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30160-2.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news\/2020-04-23-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-begins-human-trial-stage\">Oxford COVID-19 vaccine begins human trial stage<\/a>. Oxford University Press Release.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Need help with your coronavirus project? Consult virologists, epidemiologists and qualified scientific writers on Kolabtree. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/find-an-expert\/subject\/covid-19?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Post&amp;utm_campaign=ChAdOx1\">View our COVID-19 experts\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mahasweta Pal, freelance medical writer at Kolabtree, provides insights into the COVID-19 vaccine trial at the University of Oxford.\u00a0 Update 22\/05\/2020: Oxford COVID-19 vaccine to begin phase II\/III human trials Update 30\/12\/2020: Oxford University\/AstraZeneca COVID-19 approved Update 04\/08\/2021: Barbie of Oxford Covid vaccine designer Dame Sarah Gilbert created 2020 ushered in an eerie global downturn<\/p>\n<div class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/inside-the-novel-covid-19-vaccine-trial-at-the-university-of-oxford\/\" title=\"Read More\">Read 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