{"id":2239,"date":"2017-06-26T14:18:13","date_gmt":"2017-06-26T14:18:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/?p=2239"},"modified":"2017-06-26T14:57:21","modified_gmt":"2017-06-26T14:57:21","slug":"computational-biology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/computational-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"Biologie computationnelle : Une science interdisciplinaire et int\u00e9grative"},"content":{"rendered":"

For many years, Biology, in general, was a discipline considered to be similar to library sciences, due to the practice of collecting specimens and samples and cataloging them. (I made a herbarium \u00a0for my high school project.) However, since the 1970s, the advancements in molecular biology and in allied areas of biological recherche<\/a>, has made Biology diversified. It is no longer a library science. Also, the need for interdisciplinary research has become more prominent. This is evident,specifically in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, with scientists from diverse background expertise, working on a common problem. In the current scenario, with the advent of newer technologies and techniques, interdisciplinary and integrative scientific research skills are in high demand.<\/p>\n

La biologie computationnelle et la bioinformatique sont l'un des domaines o\u00f9 des scientifiques poss\u00e9dant des comp\u00e9tences diverses peuvent obtenir des r\u00e9sultats spectaculaires.<\/a>. La citation suivante r\u00e9sume de mani\u00e8re \u00e9loquente les avantages de la recherche interdisciplinaire et int\u00e9grative.<\/p>\n

L'une des questions les plus fascinantes que nous ayons rencontr\u00e9es concerne les modes de pens\u00e9e tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents qui caract\u00e9risent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les biologistes et les informaticiens.<\/a>. Le biologiste rassemble des connaissances, d\u00e9crit souvent son travail comme s'il racontait une histoire, s'efforce de tirer des conclusions et de construire des mod\u00e8les, et appr\u00e9cie que les exceptions soient aussi courantes que les r\u00e8gles dans notre monde biologique. Si l'on compare cette situation \u00e0 celle de l'informaticien orient\u00e9 vers la logique et les processus, pour qui les r\u00e8gles et l'optimisation sont les objectifs, on constate qu'il existe un risque de mauvaise communication. Les deux groupes, confront\u00e9s au m\u00eame probl\u00e8me, poseront des questions diff\u00e9rentes, saisiront des d\u00e9tails diff\u00e9rents, utiliseront des m\u00e9taphores diff\u00e9rentes pour d\u00e9crire le probl\u00e8me et aborderont la situation avec des hypoth\u00e8ses diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Par o\u00f9 commencer ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dans Computational Biology, des algorithmes qui n'ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7us ou invent\u00e9s pour r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes biologiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en \u0153uvre avec succ\u00e8s et les outils d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s ont fait progresser le domaine de mani\u00e8re consid\u00e9rable. <\/a>[3]. Par exemple, la programmation dynamique, destin\u00e9e \u00e0 trouver le chemin le plus court, a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e avec succ\u00e8s \u00e0 l'alignement de s\u00e9quences (alignement global et local). Une extension de cette m\u00e9thode est BLAST, un outil populaire et essentiel pour les biologistes pour identifier les homologues d'une s\u00e9quence donn\u00e9e. Ainsi, la connaissance des algorithmes et la mise \u00e0 jour des variantes de ces algorithmes sont essentielles pour un biologiste informaticien.<\/p>\n

\"technology-298256_1920\"

Avec l'av\u00e8nement de nouvelles technologies et techniques, les comp\u00e9tences en recherche scientifique interdisciplinaire et int\u00e9grative sont tr\u00e8s demand\u00e9es.<\/p><\/div>\n

Si vous \u00eates biologiste, le fait de devoir effectuer des travaux de laboratoire de routine \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve du temps vous am\u00e8nerait \u00e0 vous poser la question suivante : \"Je n'ai vraiment pas le temps pour \u00e7a !\". Et vous avez raison. Mais, pensez-y de cette fa\u00e7on, le domaine de la biologie computationnelle et de la bioinformatique a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et nourri par des pionniers qui \u00e9taient physiciens, biologistes, chimistes, statisticiens, etc. Sortir de sa zone de confort et \u00e9couter des chercheurs d'autres domaines autour d'un caf\u00e9 ou d'un verre est un excellent moyen de sortir des sentiers battus. Les conf\u00e9rences sont un champ de mines, \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard. Plut\u00f4t que d'\u00e9couter quelqu'un parler de ses recherches (en supposant que ces recherches recoupent largement votre domaine d'int\u00e9r\u00eat et que vous avez tr\u00e8s probablement entendu son expos\u00e9 \u00e0 une autre occasion), qui seront finalement lues par moi dans quelques mois, vous pouvez rechercher des expos\u00e9s qui ont tr\u00e8s peu de rapport avec vos recherches. De telles opportunit\u00e9s fournissent des id\u00e9es de brainstorming pour mettre en \u0153uvre des techniques d'autres domaines dans votre propre recherche, plus particuli\u00e8rement la biologie computationnelle et la bioinformatique.<\/p>\n

Si vous n'aimez pas rencontrer des gens, alors suivre Twitter, faire des recherches sur les blogs et rejoindre des forums de discussion sont les meilleures alternatives.<\/p>\n

Il n'est pas n\u00e9cessaire de devenir un expert en tout. L'objectif est plut\u00f4t de conna\u00eetre les outils, les ressources et les m\u00e9thodes qui sont destin\u00e9s \u00e0 un autre usage, mais que l'on adapte \u00e0 ses besoins. Par exemple, les algorithmes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques (AG) sont inspir\u00e9s par les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de recombinaison observ\u00e9s en biologie. Ainsi, les techniques bas\u00e9es sur les AG sont les plus optimis\u00e9es et les plus populaires. Il convient \u00e9galement de noter que les m\u00e9thodes d'arrimage mol\u00e9culaire bas\u00e9es sur les AG sont tout aussi populaires en biologie informatique et en bioinformatique, notamment pour la conception de m\u00e9dicaments.<\/p>\n

Le potentiel de l'utilisation des statistiques, des math\u00e9matiques, de l'informatique et du traitement du signal en biologie est immense. La cl\u00e9 pour d\u00e9velopper une recherche int\u00e9grative est la communication. La communication avec des coll\u00e8gues d'autres d\u00e9partements est la cl\u00e9. Il est \u00e9galement utile d'avoir le sens de l'orientation du domaine. Certaines recherches interdisciplinaires en biologie computationnelle, qui ont donn\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9volutionnaires, seront abord\u00e9es dans les prochains articles.<\/p>\n

L'heure des sciences int\u00e9gratives a sonn\u00e9 !<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, la biologie, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, \u00e9tait une discipline consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme similaire aux sciences de la biblioth\u00e8que, en raison de la pratique consistant \u00e0 collecter des sp\u00e9cimens et des \u00e9chantillons et \u00e0 les cataloguer. (J'ai fait un herbier pour mon projet de lyc\u00e9e.) Cependant, depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970, les progr\u00e8s de la biologie mol\u00e9culaire et des domaines connexes de la recherche biologique ont fait de la biologie une discipline \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

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He conducted postdoctoral research at Iowa State University (2009-2011), University of Wisconsin-Madison (2011-2012), and Rice University (2012-2014). Currently he is an Assistant Professor at Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India.","url":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/author\/ragothaman\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2239"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2239"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2278,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2239\/revisions\/2278"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2239"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kolabtree.com\/blog\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}